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HAN 312 > 10. Nervous System > Flashcards

10. Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

cerebrum

A

-thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory

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2
Q

thalamus

A
  • relay station (triage center) for sensory impulses

- control of awareness and consciousness

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3
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions

- control of the pituitary gland

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4
Q

cerebellum

A

-coordination of voluntary movement and balance

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5
Q

pons and midbrain

A

-connection of nerve fiber pathways including those to the eyes and face

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6
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • nerve fibers over, left to right and right to left

- contains centers to regulate heart, blood vessels, and respiratory system

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7
Q

acetylcholine

A

-neurotransmitter chemical released at the ends of nerve cells

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8
Q

afferent nerve

A

-carries messages towards the brain and spinal cord (sensory nerve)

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9
Q

af-, ad-

A

towards

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10
Q

-ferent

A

carrying

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11
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

-middle layer of the three membranes (meninges) that surround the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

astrocyte

A

-type of glial (neuroglial) cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

-nerves that control involuntary body functions of muscles, glands, and internal organs

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14
Q

axon

A

-microscopic fiber that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell

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15
Q

blood-brain barrier

A
  • protective separation between the blood and brain cells

- makes it difficult for substances (such as anticancer drugs) to penetrate capillary walls and enter the brain

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16
Q

brainstem

A
  • posterior portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
  • includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblangata
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17
Q

cauda equina

A

-collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord

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18
Q

cell body

A

-part of a nerve cell that contains the nucleus

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

-the brain and the spinal cord

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

-posterior part of the brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains balance

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21
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outer region of the cerebrum
  • containing sheets of nerve cells
  • gray matter of the brain
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22
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

-circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

cerebrum

A
  • largest part of the brain

- responsible for voluntary muscle activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory

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24
Q

cranial nerves

A

-12 pairs of nerves that carry messages to and from the brain with regard to the head and neck (except the vagus nerve)

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25
Q

dendrite

A

-microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse

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26
Q

dura mater

A
  • thick
  • outermost layer of the meninges
  • surrounding and protecting the brain and spinal cord
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27
Q

efferent nerve

A
  • carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord

- motor nerve

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28
Q

ef-

A

away

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29
Q

ependymal cell

A

-glial cell that lines membranes within the brain and spinal cord and helps form cerebrospinal fluid

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30
Q

ganglion

A

collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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31
Q

glial cell

A
  • supportive and connective nerve cell that does not carry nervous impulses
  • ex. astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
  • can reproduce themselves opposed to neurons
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32
Q

gyrus

A

-sheet of nerve cells that produce a rounded ridge on the surface of the cerebral cortex convolution

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33
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • portion of the brain beneath the thalamus

- controls sleep, appetite, body temp, and secretions from the pituitary gland

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34
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • part of the brain just above the spinal cord
  • controls breathing, heart beat, and the size of blood vessels
  • nerve fibers cross over here
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35
Q

meninges

A

-three protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

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36
Q

microglial cell

A

-phagocytic glial cell that removes waste products from the CNS

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37
Q

motor nerve

A
  • carries messages away from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs
  • efferent nerve
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38
Q

myelin sheath

A
  • covering of white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell
  • speeds impulse conduction along axons
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39
Q

nerve

A

-macroscopic cord-like collection of fibers (axons and dendrites) that carry electrical impulses

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40
Q

neuron

A
  • nerve cell that carries impulses throughout the body

- parenchyma of the nervous system

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41
Q

neurotransmitter

A
  • chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell
  • stimulates or inhibits another cell (nerve cell, muscle, gland)
  • ex. ACh, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin
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42
Q

oligodendroglial cell

A

-glial cell that forms the myelin sheath covering axons

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43
Q

parasympathetic nerves

A

-involuntary, autonomic nervers that regulate normal body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and muscles of the gastrointestinal tract

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44
Q

parenchyma

A
  • essential, distinguishing tissue of any organ or system
  • includes the neurons and nerves that carry nervous impulses
  • parenchymal cells of the liver are hepatocytes
  • kidney -> nephrons
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45
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-nerves outside the brain and spinal cord

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46
Q

pia mater

A
  • thin

- delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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47
Q

plexus

A
  • large
  • interlacing network of nerves
  • ex. lumbosacral, cervical, brachial
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48
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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49
Q

pons

A
  • part of the brain anterior to the cerebellum and between the medulla and the rest of the midbrain
  • bridge connecting various parts of the brain
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50
Q

receptor

A
  • organ that receives a nervous stimulus and passes it on to afferent nerves
  • ex. skin, ears, eyes, taste buds
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51
Q

sciatic nerve

A

-nerve extending from the base of the spine down the thigh, lower leg, and foot

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52
Q

sciatica

A

-pain or inflammation along the course of the sciatic nerve

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53
Q

sensory nerve

A
  • carries messages toward the brain and spinal cord from a receptor
  • afferent nerve
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54
Q

spinal nerve

A

-31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord

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55
Q

stimulus

A

-agent of change (light, sound, touch, pressure, and pain) in the internal or external evironment that evokes a response

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56
Q

stroma

A
  • connective and supporting tissue of an organ

- glial cells make up the stromal tissue of the brain

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57
Q

sulcus

A
  • depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex

- fissure

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58
Q

sympathetic nerves

A

-autonomic nerves that influence bodily functions involuntarily in times of stress

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59
Q

synapse

A

-space through which a nervous impulse travels between nerve cells or between nerve and muscle or glandular cells

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60
Q

thalamus

A
  • main relay center of the brain
  • conducts impulses between the spinal cord and the cerebrum
  • incoming sensory messages are relayed through the thalamus to appropriate centers in the cerebrum
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61
Q

vagus nerve

A
  • tenth cranial nerves
  • branches reach to the larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and stomach
  • vagus leaves the head and wanders into the abdominal and thoracic cavities
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62
Q

ventricles of the brain

A
  • canals in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

- ventricles are also found in the heart, they are the two lower chambers of the heart

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63
Q

cerebell/o

A

cerebellum

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64
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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65
Q

dur/o

A

dura mater

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66
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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67
Q

gli/o

A

glial cells

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68
Q

lept/o

A

thin, slender

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69
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

membranes, meninges

70
Q

my/o

A

muscle

71
Q

myel/o

A

spinal cord

-bone marrow

72
Q

nuer/o

A

nerve

73
Q

pont/o

A

pons

74
Q

radicul/o

A

nerve root (of spinal nerves)

75
Q

thalam/o

A

thalamus

76
Q

thec/o

A

sheath (refers to the meninges)

77
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve

78
Q

alges/o, -algesia

A

-sensitivity to pain

79
Q

-algia

A

-pain

80
Q

caus/o

A

burning

81
Q

comat/o

A

deep sleep

-coma

82
Q

esthesi/o, -esthesia

A

-feeling, nervous sensation

83
Q

kines/o, kinesi/o, -kinesia,-kinesis,-kinetic

A

movement

84
Q

-lepsy, -ictal

A

-seizure

85
Q

lex/o

A

word, phrase

86
Q

-paresis

A

weakness

-partial or incomplete paralysis

87
Q

-phasia

A

-speech

88
Q

-plegia

A

-paralysis

89
Q

-praxia

A

-action

90
Q

-sthenia

A

-strength

91
Q

syncop/o

A

to cut off, cut short

92
Q

tax/o

A

order, coordination

93
Q

hydrocephalus

A
  • abnormal accumulation of fluid (CSF) in the brain

- catheter can be placed to relieve pressure

94
Q

spina bifida

A
  • congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
  • maybe it does not fuse
  • only apparent on x-ray bc covered by skin
95
Q

spina bifida cystica

A
  • severe form of spina bifida

- cyst like protrusion in the spine

96
Q

spina bifida cystica with myelomeningocele

A
  • cyst like protrusion in the spine that contains meninges, CSF, and the spinal cord
  • paralysis often
97
Q

alzheimer disease

A
  • brain disorder marked by gradula and progressive mental deterioration (dementia), personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning
  • atrophy in the cerebral cortex and widening of the cerebral sulci
98
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A
  • degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal and brainstem
  • lou gehrigs disease
99
Q

epilepsy

A

-chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

100
Q

huntington disease

A

-hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration

101
Q

multiple sclerosis

A
  • destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue
  • muscle weakness, unsteady gait, paresthesias, paralysis
102
Q

myasthenia gravis

A
  • autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles
  • antibodies block the ability of ACh in muscle cells
103
Q

palsy

A
  • paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)
  • partial paralysis
  • caused by lack of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum
104
Q

parkinson disease

A
  • degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, occuring in later life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement
  • caused by deficiency of dopamine
105
Q

tourette syndrome

A
  • involuntary, spasmodic, twitching movement; uncontrollable vocal sounds; and inappropriate words
  • tics
  • associated with excess dopamine or a hypersensitivity to dopamine
106
Q

herpes zoster

A
  • shingles
  • viral infection affecting peripheral nerves
  • blisters and pain along peripheral nerves
  • inflammation
107
Q

meningitis

A
  • inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis
  • caused by bacteria or viruses
  • lumbar punctures are performed to examine CSF
  • use antibodies
108
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

-brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS

109
Q

brain tumor

A
  • abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges

- most commonly arise from glial cells or the meninges

110
Q

cerebral concussion

A

-type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head

111
Q

cerebral contusion

A

-bruising of brain tissue resulting from direct trauma to the head

112
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A
  • disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain
  • stroke
  • cerebral infarction
  • imparied oxygen supply to the brain
    1. thrombotic- blood clot in arteries gradually builds to brain
    2. embolic- embolus travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a small vessel/artery
    3. hemorrhagic- blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs
113
Q

migraine

A
  • server, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache
  • sensitivity to light, sound
  • dilation of blood vessels and nerves
114
Q

absence seizure

A

-form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings

115
Q

aneurysm

A

-enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall, which may rupture, leading to hemorrhage and CVA (stroke)

116
Q

astrocytoma

A

-malignant tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cell)

117
Q

aura

A

-peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

118
Q

dementia

A

-mental decline and deterioration

119
Q

demylination

A

-destruction of myelin on axons of neurons (as in multiple sclerosis)

120
Q

dopamine

A

-CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in patients with parkinson

121
Q

embolus

A

clot of material that travels through the blood stream and suddenly blocks a vessel

122
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure

123
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

124
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing them

125
Q

thymectomy

A
  • removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte-producing gland in the chest)
  • used as treatment for myasthenia gravis
126
Q

TIA

A
  • sudden, brief and temporary cerebral dysfunction usually caused by interruption of blood flow to the brain
  • transient ischemic attack
  • occur with all three types of strokes
127
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face
-characteristics of tourette syndrome

128
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A
  • major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by sudden loss of consciousness
  • stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements
129
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A
  • samples of CFS are examined
  • measure protein, glucose, RBC, WBC
  • can detect tumor, bacteria, virus
  • used for multiple sclerosis, tumor, infection
130
Q

cerebral angiography

A
  • x-ray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material
  • diagnose vascular disease (aneurysm, occlusion, hemorrhage)
131
Q

computed tomography (CT) of the brain

A
  • computerized x-ray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord
  • contrast leaks through blood brain barrier from blood vessels into the brain tissue
132
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A
  • magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord
  • great at seeing brain damage
  • great at brain scan
133
Q

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

A
  • radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells
  • information about the function of brain tissue
  • detect malignancy
  • brain abnormalities
134
Q

doppler ultrasound studies

A
  • sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries
  • detect occlusion in blood vessels
135
Q

electroncephalography (EEG)

A
  • recording of the electrical activity of the brain

- demonstrates seizure activity resulting from brain tumors, or injury to brain

136
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A
  • CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrae for analysis
  • measures the pressure of CSF
137
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A
  • use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain
  • fixed into the skull to guide needle
  • without surgical incision
138
Q

coronal magnetic resonance image

A

shows subdural hematoma

-under the dura mater

139
Q

babinski sign

A

-toe movement elicited by manipulation in a neurologic test performed on the sole of the foot to indicate injury to the brain or spinal nerves

140
Q

deep tendon relflex

A
  • DTR
  • evaluation of the response of a muscle to stimuli to provide information on the integrity of the central and peripheral nervous system
141
Q

glassgow

A
  • coma scale

- neurologic scale used to assess level of consciousness

142
Q

evoked potential studies

A

-diagnostic tests that use an EEG to record changes in brain waves during various stimuli

143
Q

otomycosis

A

-fungal infection in the ear

144
Q

otopyorrhea

A

-discharge of pus from the ear

145
Q

otorrhea

A

discharge from the ear

146
Q

otosclerosis

A

hardening of the ossicles, particularly the stapes

147
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex

148
Q

narc/o

A

stupor, sleep

149
Q

phas/o

A

speech

150
Q

somn/o

A

sleep

151
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

152
Q

-phrenia

A

the mind

153
Q

ischemic

A

-pertaining to a lack of blood flow

154
Q

postictal

A

-pertaining to following a seizure

155
Q

radicular

A

pertaining to a root (nerve)

156
Q

cerebral palsy

A

defect of motor power and coordination related to damage to the brain that occurred prenatally, perinatally, or in the first 3 years of life

157
Q

coma

A

a state of profound unconsciousness

158
Q

bell palsy

A

-paralysis of facial muscles, often one side of the face, caused by a dysfunction of a cranial nerve

159
Q

poliomyelitis

A

-inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord

160
Q

radiculopathy

A

-disease of the nerve roots

161
Q

sleep apnea

A

-disorder marked by interruptions of breathing during sleep

162
Q

myelogram

A

-radiographic contrast study of the spinal subarachnoid space and its contents

163
Q

polysomnography

A

-monitoring and recording of normal and abnormal activity during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders

164
Q

craniectomy

A

-excision of part of the cranium to access the brain

165
Q

craniotomoy

A

incision into the skull to access the brain

166
Q

laminectomy

A

excision of the thin plate of the vertebra to relieve pressure on the spinal cord

167
Q

neurolysis

A

separation of a nerve from inflammatory adhesions

168
Q

analgesic

A

-drug that relieves pain

169
Q

hypnotic

A

promotes sleep

170
Q

neuroleptic

A

class of psychotropic drugs used to treat psychosis, ex. schizophrenia

171
Q

psychotropic

A

drug used to treat mental illness

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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