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HAN 312 > 13. Blood & Lymph > Flashcards

13. Blood & Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes

A 
Grannulocytes:
-basophil
-eosinophil
-neutrophil
Mononuclear cells: 
-lymphocyte 
-monocyte
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2
Q

basophil

A
  • responds to allergens

- releases histamine and heparin

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3
Q

eosinophil

A

-responds to parasitic infections and is a phagocyte in allergic reactions

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4
Q

neutrophil

A

major role in fighting bacterial infection

-phagocyte

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5
Q

lymphocyte

A
  • controls the immune response

- makes antibodies to antigens

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6
Q

monocyte

A

-phagocytic cell that becomes a macrophage and digests bacteria and tissue debris

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7
Q

albumin

A
  • protein in blood

- maintains the proper amount of water in blood

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8
Q

antibody (Ab)

A
  • specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens
  • an antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it
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9
Q

basophil

A
  • white blood cell containing granules that stain blue

- associated with release of histamine and heparin

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10
Q

bilirubin

A
  • orange-yellow pigment in bile

- formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when RBCs are destroyed

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11
Q

coagulation

A

-blood clotting

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12
Q

colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A

-protein that stimulates growth of WBCs (granulocytes)

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13
Q

differentiation

A
  • change in structure and function of a cell as it matures

- specialization

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14
Q

electrophoresis

A

-method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

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15
Q

eosinophil

A
  • WBC containing granules that stain red

- associated with allergic reactions

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16
Q

erythroblast

A

-immature red blood cell

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17
Q

erthrocyte

A
  • RBC

- there are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood

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18
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • hormone secreted by the kidneys

- stimulates RBC cell formation

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19
Q

fibrin

A

-protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

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20
Q

fibrinogen

A

-plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

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21
Q

globulin

A
  • plasma protein

- ex. alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins

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22
Q

granulocyte

A
  • white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • neutrophil
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23
Q

hematopoietic stem cell

A

-cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

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24
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • blood protein containing iron

- carries oxygen in RBC

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25
heparin
-anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells
26
immune reaction
-response of the immune system to foreign invasion
27
immuniglobulin
- protein (aglobulin) with antibody activity | - ex. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD,
28
immun/o
protection
29
leukocyte
-WBC
30
lymphocyte
mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies
31
macrophage
- monocyte that migrates from the blood tissue spaces - as a phagocyte is engulds foreign material and debris - in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out RBC
32
monocyte
- leukocyte with one large nucleus - engulfs foreign material and debris - become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
33
monomuclear
- pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus - lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes
34
myeloblast
-immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes
35
neutrophil
- granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow - phagocytic tissue-fighting cell - aka polymorphonuclear luekocyte
36
plasma
- liquid portion of blood | - containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins
37
plasmapheresis
- removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge - collected cells are retransfused back into the donor - fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma
38
platelet
-small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to being the clotting process
39
ploymorphonuclear
- pertaining to a WBC with a multilobed nucleus | - neutrophil
40
prothrombin
plasma protein | -converted to thrombin in the clotting process
41
reticulocyte
- immature erthrocyte | - network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes
42
-Rh factor
- antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals | - the factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey
43
serum
- plasma minus clotting proteins and cells - clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot - formed from plasma, but does not contain coagulation factors
44
stem cell
- unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms - hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells
45
thrombin
enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation
46
thrombocyte
-platelet
47
bas/o
base (alkaline, the opposite of acid)
48
chrom/o
color
49
coagul/o
clotting
50
cyt/o
cell
51
eosin/o
red, dawn, rosy
52
erythr/o
red
53
granul/o
granules
54
hem/o
blood
55
hemoglobin/o
hemoglobin
56
is/o
same, equal
57
kary/o
nucleus
58
leuk/o
white
59
mon/o
one, single
60
morph/o
shape, form
61
myel/o
bone marrow
62
neutr/o
neutral (neither base nor acid)
63
nucle/o
nucleus
64
phag/o
eat, swallow
65
poikil/o
varied, irregular
66
sider/o
iron
67
spher/o
globe, round
68
thromb/o
clot
69
-apheresis
removal, carrying away
70
-blast
-immature or embryonic cell
71
-cytosis
-abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)
72
-emia
-blood condition
73
-gen
giving rise to | - producing
74
-globin,- globulin
-protein
75
-lytic
-pertaining to destruction
76
-oid
-derived or originating from
77
-osis
-abnormal condition
78
-penia
-deficiency
79
-phage
-eat, swallow
80
-philia
attraction for (increase in cell numbers)
81
-phoresis
-carrying, transmission
82
-poiesis
-formation
83
-stasis
stop, controlling
84
anisocytosis
-cells are unequal in size
85
hypochromia
-cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin)
86
macrocytosis
-cells are large
87
microcytosis
-cell are small
88
poikilocytosis
-cell are irregularly shaped
89
spherocytosis
- cell are spherical (loss of normal concave shape) - hereditary - cells are less biconcave and fragile
90
-apheresis
-removal of blood from a donor with a portion separated and retained and he remainder reinfused into the donor
91
anemia
- deficiency in erythrocytes of hemoglobin | - common types: iron deficiency anemia
92
aplastic anemia
- failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow - idiopathic - treatment: bone marrow transplant
93
hemolytic anemia
- reduction in red cell due to excessive destruction - this can be due to irregular shapes which cause hemolysis - ex. congenital spherocytic anemia - treatment: removal of spleen (destroys RBCs)
94
pernicious anemia
- lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream - lack intrinsic factor in gastric juice which aids in B12 absorption - large, immature, megaloblasts - treatment: injection of B12 for life
95
sickle cell anemia
- hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin which produces sickle shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis - crescent-shaped, distorted, fragile cells - leads to thrombosis and infarction
96
thalassemia
- inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia - hemoglobin concentration is low
97
hemochromatosis
- excess iron deposits throughout the body - sign and symp: skin pigmentation, joint pain, fatigue - can cause cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiac failure
98
polycythemia vera
- general increase in RBC - erythremia - viscous (thick) blood - treatment: phlebotomy to remove blood
99
hemophilia
- excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting - deficiency in clotting factors - platelet count is normal - can cause blood to pool in joints (swell)
100
purpura
- multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin - petechiae- bleeding from capillaries or small arterioles - ecchymoses- larger (bruises)
101
leukemia
- increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes) - fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain, lyphadenopathy, spleenomegaly, hepatomegaly 1. acute myeloid leukemia (AML) 2. acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) 3. chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (CML) 4. chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (CLL)
102
acute myeloid leukemia
- AML - immature granulocytes predominate - platelets and RBC are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of bone marrow
103
acute lymphoid leukemia
- ALL - immature lymphocytes predominate - common in children
104
chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia
CML - both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large number - not that life threatening - older than 55
105
chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia
- CLL - abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen - elderly - most common
106
granulocytosis
- abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood - increase in neutrophils in the blood - eosinophilia- increase in eosinophilic granulocytes - basophilia- increase in basophilic granulocytes
107
mononucleosis
- infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes - transmitted by EBV - lymphadenitis is present - atypical lymphocytes are present
108
multiple myeloma
- malignant neoplasm of bone marrow - malignant cells, lymphocytes (plasma cells) produce antibodies that destroy bone tissue - osteolytic lesions
109
antiglobulin (coombs test)
- test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes - test for infants of Rh-negative women - test for patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
110
bleeding time
- time required for blood to stop flowing form a tiny puncture wound - normal is 8 minutes
111
coagulation time
- time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube | - normal time is less than 15 minutes
112
complete blood cell count (CBC)
-determination of number of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and RBC values: MCH, MCV, MCHC
113
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma - venous blood placed into anticoagulant - distance that RBC sink is a given time is the sedimentation rate - increases with infection
114
hematocrit
- Hct - percentage of RBC in a volume of blood - centrifuge
115
hemoglobin test
- H, Hg, Hgb, HGB | - total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood
116
platelet count
-number of platelets per cubic millijmeter or microliter of blood
117
prothrombin time (PT)
- test of the ability of blood to clot - prothrombin is a clotting factor - monitor patients taking anticoagulants
118
RBC count
- number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter | - normal is 6 million per mm
119
RBC morphology
microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells
120
WBC count
- number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood - normal 5000-10000 per mm
121
white blood cell differential count
- percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood - done with staining - shift to the left- increase in immature neutrophils in the blood
122
apheresis
- separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood - can remove toxic substances or autoantibodies from the blood - plasma exchanges
123
blood transfusion
- whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient - blood type matching - tests for hepatitis, AIDS, and HIV are done before
124
bone marrow biopsy
-microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle
125
hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient - people with lymphoma and multiple myeloma can get this procedure
126
bone marrow transplantation
-bone marrow cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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