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HAN 312 > 13. Blood & Lymph > Flashcards

13. Blood & Lymph Flashcards

1
Q

Leukocytes

A 
Grannulocytes:
-basophil
-eosinophil
-neutrophil
Mononuclear cells: 
-lymphocyte 
-monocyte
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2
Q

basophil

A
  • responds to allergens

- releases histamine and heparin

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3
Q

eosinophil

A

-responds to parasitic infections and is a phagocyte in allergic reactions

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4
Q

neutrophil

A

major role in fighting bacterial infection

-phagocyte

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5
Q

lymphocyte

A
  • controls the immune response

- makes antibodies to antigens

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6
Q

monocyte

A

-phagocytic cell that becomes a macrophage and digests bacteria and tissue debris

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7
Q

albumin

A
  • protein in blood

- maintains the proper amount of water in blood

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8
Q

antibody (Ab)

A
  • specific protein (immunoglobulin) produced by lymphocytes in response to bacteria, viruses, or other antigens
  • an antibody is specific to an antigen and inactivates it
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9
Q

basophil

A
  • white blood cell containing granules that stain blue

- associated with release of histamine and heparin

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10
Q

bilirubin

A
  • orange-yellow pigment in bile

- formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin when RBCs are destroyed

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11
Q

coagulation

A

-blood clotting

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12
Q

colony-stimulating factor (CSF)

A

-protein that stimulates growth of WBCs (granulocytes)

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13
Q

differentiation

A
  • change in structure and function of a cell as it matures

- specialization

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14
Q

electrophoresis

A

-method of separating serum proteins by electrical charge

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15
Q

eosinophil

A
  • WBC containing granules that stain red

- associated with allergic reactions

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16
Q

erythroblast

A

-immature red blood cell

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17
Q

erthrocyte

A
  • RBC

- there are about 5 million per microliter or cubic millimeter of blood

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18
Q

erythropoietin

A
  • hormone secreted by the kidneys

- stimulates RBC cell formation

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19
Q

fibrin

A

-protein that forms the basis of a blood clot

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20
Q

fibrinogen

A

-plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process

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21
Q

globulin

A
  • plasma protein

- ex. alpha, beta, and gamma (immune) globulins

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22
Q

granulocyte

A
  • white blood cell with numerous dark-staining granules
  • eosinophil
  • basophil
  • neutrophil
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23
Q

hematopoietic stem cell

A

-cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood cells

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24
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • blood protein containing iron

- carries oxygen in RBC

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25
Q

heparin

A

-anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells

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26
Q

immune reaction

A

-response of the immune system to foreign invasion

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27
Q

immuniglobulin

A
  • protein (aglobulin) with antibody activity

- ex. IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD,

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28
Q

immun/o

A

protection

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29
Q

leukocyte

A

-WBC

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30
Q

lymphocyte

A

mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

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31
Q

macrophage

A
  • monocyte that migrates from the blood tissue spaces
  • as a phagocyte is engulds foreign material and debris
  • in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, macrophages destroy worn out RBC
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32
Q

monocyte

A
  • leukocyte with one large nucleus
  • engulfs foreign material and debris
  • become macrophages as they leave the blood and enter body tissues
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33
Q

monomuclear

A
  • pertaining to a cell (leukocyte) with a single round nucleus
  • lymphocytes and monocytes are mononuclear leukocytes
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34
Q

myeloblast

A

-immature bone marrow that gives rise to granulocytes

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35
Q

neutrophil

A
  • granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow
  • phagocytic tissue-fighting cell
  • aka polymorphonuclear luekocyte
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36
Q

plasma

A
  • liquid portion of blood

- containing water, proteins, salts, nutrients, lipids, hormones, and vitamins

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37
Q

plasmapheresis

A
  • removal of plasma from withdrawn blood by centrifuge
  • collected cells are retransfused back into the donor
  • fresh-frozen plasma or salt solution is used to replace withdrawn plasma
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38
Q

platelet

A

-small blood fragment that collects at sites of injury to being the clotting process

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39
Q

ploymorphonuclear

A
  • pertaining to a WBC with a multilobed nucleus

- neutrophil

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40
Q

prothrombin

A

plasma protein

-converted to thrombin in the clotting process

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41
Q

reticulocyte

A
  • immature erthrocyte

- network of strands (reticulin) is seen after staining the cell with special dyes

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42
Q

-Rh factor

A
  • antigen on red blood cells of Rh-positive individuals

- the factor was first identified in the blood of a rhesus monkey

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43
Q

serum

A
  • plasma minus clotting proteins and cells
  • clear, yellowish fluid that separates from blood when it is allowed to clot
  • formed from plasma, but does not contain coagulation factors
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44
Q

stem cell

A
  • unspecialized cell that gives rise to mature, specialized forms
  • hematopoietic stem cell is the progenitor for all different types of blood cells
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45
Q

thrombin

A

enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin during coagulation

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46
Q

thrombocyte

A

-platelet

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47
Q

bas/o

A

base (alkaline, the opposite of acid)

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48
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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49
Q

coagul/o

A

clotting

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50
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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51
Q

eosin/o

A

red, dawn, rosy

52
Q

erythr/o

A

red

53
Q

granul/o

A

granules

54
Q

hem/o

A

blood

55
Q

hemoglobin/o

A

hemoglobin

56
Q

is/o

A

same, equal

57
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

58
Q

leuk/o

A

white

59
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

60
Q

morph/o

A

shape, form

61
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow

62
Q

neutr/o

A

neutral (neither base nor acid)

63
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

64
Q

phag/o

A

eat, swallow

65
Q

poikil/o

A

varied, irregular

66
Q

sider/o

A

iron

67
Q

spher/o

A

globe, round

68
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

69
Q

-apheresis

A

removal, carrying away

70
Q

-blast

A

-immature or embryonic cell

71
Q

-cytosis

A

-abnormal condition of cells (increase in cells)

72
Q

-emia

A

-blood condition

73
Q

-gen

A

giving rise to

- producing

74
Q

-globin,- globulin

A

-protein

75
Q

-lytic

A

-pertaining to destruction

76
Q

-oid

A

-derived or originating from

77
Q

-osis

A

-abnormal condition

78
Q

-penia

A

-deficiency

79
Q

-phage

A

-eat, swallow

80
Q

-philia

A

attraction for (increase in cell numbers)

81
Q

-phoresis

A

-carrying, transmission

82
Q

-poiesis

A

-formation

83
Q

-stasis

A

stop, controlling

84
Q

anisocytosis

A

-cells are unequal in size

85
Q

hypochromia

A

-cells have reduced color (less hemoglobin)

86
Q

macrocytosis

A

-cells are large

87
Q

microcytosis

A

-cell are small

88
Q

poikilocytosis

A

-cell are irregularly shaped

89
Q

spherocytosis

A
  • cell are spherical (loss of normal concave shape)
  • hereditary
  • cells are less biconcave and fragile
90
Q

-apheresis

A

-removal of blood from a donor with a portion separated and retained and he remainder reinfused into the donor

91
Q

anemia

A
  • deficiency in erythrocytes of hemoglobin

- common types: iron deficiency anemia

92
Q

aplastic anemia

A
  • failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
  • idiopathic
  • treatment: bone marrow transplant
93
Q

hemolytic anemia

A
  • reduction in red cell due to excessive destruction
  • this can be due to irregular shapes which cause hemolysis
  • ex. congenital spherocytic anemia
  • treatment: removal of spleen (destroys RBCs)
94
Q

pernicious anemia

A
  • lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin B12 into the bloodstream
  • lack intrinsic factor in gastric juice which aids in B12 absorption
  • large, immature, megaloblasts
  • treatment: injection of B12 for life
95
Q

sickle cell anemia

A
  • hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin which produces sickle shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis
  • crescent-shaped, distorted, fragile cells
  • leads to thrombosis and infarction
96
Q

thalassemia

A
  • inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia
  • hemoglobin concentration is low
97
Q

hemochromatosis

A
  • excess iron deposits throughout the body
  • sign and symp: skin pigmentation, joint pain, fatigue
  • can cause cirrhosis, diabetes, cardiac failure
98
Q

polycythemia vera

A
  • general increase in RBC
  • erythremia
  • viscous (thick) blood
  • treatment: phlebotomy to remove blood
99
Q

hemophilia

A
  • excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII and IX necessary for blood clotting
  • deficiency in clotting factors
  • platelet count is normal
  • can cause blood to pool in joints (swell)
100
Q

purpura

A
  • multiple pinpoint hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin
  • petechiae- bleeding from capillaries or small arterioles
  • ecchymoses- larger (bruises)
101
Q

leukemia

A
  • increase in cancerous white blood cells (leukocytes)
  • fatigue, fever, bleeding, bone pain, lyphadenopathy, spleenomegaly, hepatomegaly
    1. acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
    2. acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL)
    3. chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)
    4. chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (CLL)
102
Q

acute myeloid leukemia

A
  • AML
  • immature granulocytes predominate
  • platelets and RBC are diminished because of infiltration and replacement of bone marrow
103
Q

acute lymphoid leukemia

A
  • ALL
  • immature lymphocytes predominate
  • common in children
104
Q

chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia

A

CML

  • both mature and immature granulocytes are present in large number
  • not that life threatening
  • older than 55
105
Q

chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia

A
  • CLL
  • abnormal numbers of relatively mature lymphocytes predominate in the marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen
  • elderly
  • most common
106
Q

granulocytosis

A
  • abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood
  • increase in neutrophils in the blood
  • eosinophilia- increase in eosinophilic granulocytes
  • basophilia- increase in basophilic granulocytes
107
Q

mononucleosis

A
  • infectious disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes
  • transmitted by EBV
  • lymphadenitis is present
  • atypical lymphocytes are present
108
Q

multiple myeloma

A
  • malignant neoplasm of bone marrow
  • malignant cells, lymphocytes (plasma cells) produce antibodies that destroy bone tissue
  • osteolytic lesions
109
Q

antiglobulin (coombs test)

A
  • test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes
  • test for infants of Rh-negative women
  • test for patients with autoimmune hemolytic anemia
110
Q

bleeding time

A
  • time required for blood to stop flowing form a tiny puncture wound
  • normal is 8 minutes
111
Q

coagulation time

A
  • time required for venous blood to clot in a test tube

- normal time is less than 15 minutes

112
Q

complete blood cell count (CBC)

A

-determination of number of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and RBC values: MCH, MCV, MCHC

113
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A
  • speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma
  • venous blood placed into anticoagulant
  • distance that RBC sink is a given time is the sedimentation rate
  • increases with infection
114
Q

hematocrit

A
  • Hct
  • percentage of RBC in a volume of blood
  • centrifuge
115
Q

hemoglobin test

A
  • H, Hg, Hgb, HGB

- total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

116
Q

platelet count

A

-number of platelets per cubic millijmeter or microliter of blood

117
Q

prothrombin time (PT)

A
  • test of the ability of blood to clot
  • prothrombin is a clotting factor
  • monitor patients taking anticoagulants
118
Q

RBC count

A
  • number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter

- normal is 6 million per mm

119
Q

RBC morphology

A

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells

120
Q

WBC count

A
  • number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood
  • normal 5000-10000 per mm
121
Q

white blood cell differential count

A
  • percentages of different types of leukocytes in the blood
  • done with staining
  • shift to the left- increase in immature neutrophils in the blood
122
Q

apheresis

A
  • separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood
  • can remove toxic substances or autoantibodies from the blood
  • plasma exchanges
123
Q

blood transfusion

A
  • whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient
  • blood type matching
  • tests for hepatitis, AIDS, and HIV are done before
124
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

-microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle

125
Q

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A
  • peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient
  • people with lymphoma and multiple myeloma can get this procedure
126
Q

bone marrow transplantation

A

-bone marrow cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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