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HAN 312 > 17. Special Senses > Flashcards

17. Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

accommodation

A
  • normal adjustment of the eye to focus on objects from far to near
  • ciliary body adjusts the lens (rounding it) and the pupil constricts
  • when the eye focuses from near to far, the ciliary body flattens the lens and the pupil dilates
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2
Q

anterior chamber

A
  • area behind the cornea and in front of the lens and iris

- contains aqueous humor

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3
Q

aqueous humor

A
  • fluid produced by the ciliary body and found in the anterior chamber
  • humor is any body fluid (blood and lymph)
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4
Q

biconvex

A
  • consisting of two surfaces that are rounded, elevated, and curved evenly, like part of a sphere
  • lens of the eye is a biconvex body
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5
Q

choroid

A

-middle, vacular layer of the eye, between the retina and the sclera

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6
Q

ciliary body

A
  • structure on each side of the lens that connects the choroid and iris
  • contains ciliary muscles, which control the shape of the lens, and it secretes aqueous humor
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7
Q

cone

A
  • photoreceptor cell in the retina that transforms light energy into a nerve impulse
  • responsible for color and central vision
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8
Q

conjunctiva

A

-delicate membrane lining the eyelids and covering the eyeball

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9
Q

cornea

A

-fibrous transparent layer of clear tissue that extends over the anterior portion of the eyeball

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10
Q

fovea centralis

A

-tiny pit or depression in the retina that is the region of clearest vision

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11
Q

fundus of the eye

A
  • posterior, inner part of the eye

- visualized with an opthalmoscope

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12
Q

iris

A
  • pigmented (colored) layer that opens and closes to allow more or less light into the eye
  • central opening of the iris is the pupil
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13
Q

lens

A
  • transparent, biconvex body behind the pupil of the eye

- bends (refracts) light rays to bring them into focus on the retina

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14
Q

macula

A
  • yellowish region on the retina lateral to and slightly below the optic disc
  • contain the fovea centralis, which is the area of clearest vision
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15
Q

optic chiasm

A

-point at which optic nerve fibers cross in the brain

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16
Q

optic disc

A
  • region at the back of the eye where the optic nerve meets the retina
  • blind spot of the eye because it contains only nerve fibers, no rods or cones, and is thus insensitive to light
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17
Q

optic nerve

A

-cranial nerve carrying impulses from the retina to the brain (cerebral cortex)

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18
Q

pupil

A
  • central opening of the eye
  • surrounded by the iris through which light rays pass
  • appears dark
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19
Q

refraction

A

-bending of light rays by the cornea, lens, and fluids of the eye to bring the rays into focus on the retina

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20
Q

re-

A

back

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21
Q

-fract

A

break

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22
Q

retina

A

-light-sensitive nerve cell layer of the eye containing photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)

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23
Q

rod

A

-photoreceptor cell of the retina essential for vision in low light and for peripheral vision

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24
Q

sclera

A
  • tough
  • white
  • outer coat of the eyeball
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25
Q

thalamus

A
  • relay center of the brain

- optic nerve fibers pass through the thalamus on their way to the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

vitreous humor

A
  • soft, jelly like material behind the lends in the vitreous chamber
  • helps maintain the shape of the eyeball
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27
Q

aque/o

A

water

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28
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

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29
Q

conjuctiv/o

A

conjuctiva

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30
Q

cor/o

A

pupil

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31
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

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32
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary body or muscle of the ye

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33
Q

dacry/o

A

tears, tear duct

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34
Q

ir/o, irid/o

A

iris

-colored portion of the eye

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35
Q

kerat/o

A

cornea

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36
Q

lacrim/o

A

tears

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37
Q

ocul/o

A

eye

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38
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye

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39
Q

opt/o, optic/o

A

eye, vision

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40
Q

palpebr/o

A

eyelid

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41
Q

papill/o

A

optic disc; nipple like

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42
Q

phac/o, phak/o

A

lens of the eye

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43
Q

pupill/o

A

pupil

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44
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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45
Q

scler/o

A

sclera (white of the eye); hard

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46
Q

uve/o

A

uvea; vascular layer of the eye (iris, ciliary body, and choroid

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47
Q

vitre/o

A

glassy

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48
Q

ambly/o

A

dull, dim

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49
Q

dipl/o

A

double

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50
Q

glauc/o

A

gray

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51
Q

mi/o

A

smaller, less

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52
Q

mydr/o

A

widen, enlarge

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53
Q

nyct/o

A

night

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54
Q

phot/o

A

light

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55
Q

presby/o

A

old age

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56
Q

scot/o

A

darkness

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57
Q

xer/o

58
Q

-opia

59
Q

-opsia

60
Q

-tropia

61
Q

astrigmatism

A

defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye

-light rays unevenly focused on the retina

62
Q

hyperopia

A
  • farsightedness
  • importer focus behind retina
  • biconvex
63
Q

myopia

A
  • nearsightedness
  • improper focus in front of retina
  • biconcave
64
Q

presbyopia

A

-impairment of vision as a result of old age

65
Q

cataract

A

-clouding of the lens, causing decreased vision

66
Q

chalazion

A
  • small, hard cystic mass (granuloma) on the eyelid

- chronic inflammation of a sebaceous gland

67
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

-retinal effects of diabetes mellitus include microaneurysms, hemorrhages, dilation of retinal veins, and neovascularization (new blood vessels from in the retina)

68
Q

glaucoma

A
  • increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
  • inability to drain aqueous humor from eye
69
Q

hordeolum

A
  • localized, purulent, inflammatory staphylococcal infection of a sebaceous oil-producing gland in the eyelid
  • stye
70
Q

macular degeneration

A
  • progressive damage to the macula of the retina

- causes blindness

71
Q

nystagmus

A
  • repetitive rhythmic movement of one or both eyes
  • normal in newborns
  • can be caused by brain tumor or disease of inner ear
72
Q

retinal detachment

A
  • two layer of the retina separate from each other

- trauma to the eye, injury can cause

73
Q

strabismus

A
  • abnormal deviation of the eye
  • failure of eyes to look in same direction
  • due to weakness of eye muscle
74
Q

trabecul/o

A

small beam, rod, plank of wood

75
Q

blepharitis

A

-inflammation of eyelid, causing redness, crusting, and swelling along lid margins

76
Q

chalazion

A

-granuloma formed around an inflamed sebaceous gland

77
Q

dacryocystitis

A
  • blockage, inflammation and infection of a nasolacrimal duct and lacrimal sac
  • casues redness and swelling in the region between the nose and the lower lid
78
Q

ectropion

A

outward sagging and eversion of the eyelid

-leading to improper lacrimation and corneal drying ulceration

79
Q

entropion

A

inversion of the eyelid, causing the lashes to rub against the eye
-corneal abrasion may result

80
Q

hordeolum (stye)

A

-small, superficial white nodule along lid margin due to infection of a sebaceous gland

81
Q

ptosis

A

drooping of upper lid margin from neuromuscular problems or trauma

82
Q

xanthelasma

A

raised yellowish plaque on eyelid caused by lipid disorder

83
Q

fluorescein angiography

A
  • Intravenous injection of fluorescein (a dye) followed by serial photographs of the retina through dilated pupils.
  • diagnostic about blood flow in the retina
84
Q

ophthalmoscopy

A

-visual examination of the interior of the eye

85
Q

slit lamp microscopy

A

-examination of anterior ocular structures under microscopic magnification

86
Q

visual acuity test

A
  • clarity of vision is assessed

- snellen chart

87
Q

enucleation

A

-removal of the entire eyeball

88
Q

keratoplasty

A

-surgical repair of the cornea

89
Q

laser photocoagulation

A

-intense, precisely focused light beam (argon laser) creates an inflammatory reaction that seals retinal tears and leaky retinal blood vessels

90
Q

LASIK

A

-use of an excimer laser to correct errors of refraction (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)

91
Q

phacoemulsification

A
  • ultrasonic vibrations break up the lens; the pieces are then aspirated through the ultrasonic probe
  • typical surgery for cataract removal
92
Q

scleral buckle

A

-suture of a silicone band to the sclera over a detached portion of the retina

93
Q

vitrectomy

A
  • removal of the vitreous humor

- necessary when blood and scare tissue accumulate

94
Q

auditory canal

A

-channel that leads from the pinna to the eardrum

95
Q

auditory meatus

A

-auditory canal

96
Q

auditory nerve fibers

A
  • carry impulses from the inner ear to the brain (cerebral cortex)
  • compose the vestibulocohlear nerve
97
Q

auditory tube

A
  • channel between the middle ear and the nasopharynx

- eustachian tube

98
Q

auricle

A
  • flap of the ear
  • protruding part of the external ear
  • pinna
99
Q

cerumen

A

waxy substance secreted by the external ear

-earwax

100
Q

cochlea

A

snail shell shaped spirally wound tube in the inner ear

-contains hearing sensitive receptor cells

101
Q

endolymph

A

fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear

102
Q

eustachian tube

A

auditory tube

103
Q

incus

A
  • second ossicle (small bone) of the middle ear

- anvil

104
Q

labyrinth

A

maze-like series of canals of th einner ear

-includes cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals

105
Q

malleus

A
  • first ossicle of the middle ear

- hammer

106
Q

organ of corti

A

-sensitive auditory receptor area found in the cochlea of the inner ear

107
Q

ossicle

A

small bone of the ear

-includes malleus, incus, stapes

108
Q

oval window

A

membrane between the middle ear and the inner ear

109
Q

perilymph

A

fluid contained in the labyrinth of the inner ear

110
Q

pinna

A

auricle

-flap of ear

111
Q

semicircular canal

A

passages in the inner ear associated with maintaining equilibrium

112
Q

stapes

A
  • third ossicle of the middle ear

- stirrup

113
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • membrane between the outer and the middle ear

- eardrum

114
Q

vestibule

A
  • central cavity of the labyrinth
  • connecting the semicircular canals and the cochlea
  • contains two structures: saccule and utricle
  • helps maintain equilibrium
115
Q

acous/o

116
Q

audit/o

117
Q

aur/o, auricul/o

118
Q

cochle/o

119
Q

mastoid/o

A

mastoid process

120
Q

myring/o

A

eardrum, tympanic membrane

121
Q

ossicul/o

122
Q

ot/o

123
Q

salping/o

A

eustachian tube, auditory tube

124
Q

staped/o

125
Q

tympan/o

A

eardrum, tympanic membrane

126
Q

vestibul/o

127
Q

-acusis, or -cusis

128
Q

-meter

A

instrument to measure

129
Q

-otia

A

ear condition

130
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

-benign tumor arising from the acoustic vestibulocochlear nerve (eighth cranial nerve) in the
brain.

131
Q

cholesteatoma

A

collection of skin cells and cholesterol in a sac within the middle ear

132
Q

deafness

A

loss of the ability to hear

133
Q

meniere disease

A

disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear, elevated endolymph pressure withing the cochlea (cochlear hydrops) and semicircular canals (vestibular hydrops)

134
Q

otitis media

A

-inflammation of the middle ear

135
Q

otosclerosis

A

hardening of the bony tissue of the middle ear

136
Q

tinnitus

A

sensation of noises (ringing, buzzing, whistling, boom) in the ear

137
Q

vertigo

A

sensation of irregular or whirling motion either of oneself or of external objects

138
Q

audiometry

A

-testing the sense of hearing

139
Q

cochlear implant procedure

A

-surgical insertion of a device that allows sensorineural hearing- impaired persons to understand speech

140
Q

ear thermometry

A

-measurement of the temperature of the tympanic membrane by detection of infrared radiation from the eardrum

141
Q

otoscopy

A

visual examination of the ear canal with an otoscope

142
Q

tuning fork test

A

test of ear conduction using a vibration source (tuning fork)

  • rinne test
  • weber test

HAN 312 (19 decks)

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