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GI > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Hydrolized in the stomach from the protein complexes found in food

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

Most of the water soluble vitamins are absorbed in the

A

Upper small intestine

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3
Q

An exception because it is absorbed in the ileum

A

B12

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4
Q

Absorbed directly into the portal vein and transported to the liver, where they are either stored (B12) or sent out into circulaiton

A

Water soluble vitamins

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5
Q

Absorbed with monoglycerides and fatty acids

A

Fat soluble vitamins

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6
Q

Requires bile salts and formation of mixed micelles

A

Fat soluble vitamin absorption

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7
Q

Fat soluble vitamins are packaged into

-enter lymphatic system before entering the blood

A

Chylomicrons

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8
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

A,D,E, and K

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9
Q

What are the 4 forms of Vitamin A?

A

Beta-carotene, retinal, retinol, retinoic acid

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10
Q

Beta-carotene is found in

A

Plant foods

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11
Q

Retinyl esters are found in

A

Animal foods

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12
Q

What is the Retinol Activity Equivalent (RAE) of 12 ug Beta-carotene?

A

1 ug retinol

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13
Q

Vitamin A’s two main functions are

A

Vision and cell differentiation

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14
Q

Essential for seeing black and white (“rod” cells in retina)

A

Vitamin A

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15
Q

Vitamin A is particularly important for night vision and recovery of sight after a

A

Flash of bright light

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16
Q

Important for the maturing of “epithelial cells”, such as those in the intestine and skin

A

Vitamin A

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17
Q

Vitamin A is Important for the synthesis of

A

Lymphocytes and antibodies

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18
Q

A mild form of Vitamin A deficiency is

A

Night blindness

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19
Q

What are three severe forms of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Xeropthalmia, Hyperkeratosis, and Infections

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20
Q

Damage to corneas, dry eyes, scarring, blindness

A

Xeropthalmia

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21
Q

Increased keratin synthesis in skin and nails

A

Hyperkeratosis

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22
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin D?

A

D2 (Ergocalciferol) and D3 (Cholecalciferol)

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23
Q

The chemical difference between D2 and D3 is a

A

Double bond in the side chain of D2

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24
Q

What are the three major functions of Vitamin D?

A

Calcium homeostasis, gene expression, and cell differentiation

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25
Q

Increases calcium absorption and bioavailability and decreases calcium excretion by the kidneys (urine)

A

Vitamin D

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26
Q

Vitamin D increases calcium release from

A

Bones

27
Q

Vitamin D deficiency is essentially the same thing as

A

Calcium deficiency

28
Q

Vitamin D deficiency in children leads to

A

Rickets

29
Q

Causes brain abnormalities such as a hyperintense signal in the periventricular white matter of the brain

A

Low Vitamin D

30
Q

Vitamin D deficiency increases the rate of

A

Alzheimer’s and Dementia

31
Q

The type of vitamin K found in plant sources and supplements

-mostly single bonds on its side chain

A

Phylloquinone (Vitamin K1)

32
Q

The type of Vitamin K produced by bacteria in the large intestine

-side chain consists of alternating double and single bonds

A

Menaquinone (Vitamin K2)

33
Q

Man-made “pro-vitamin” version of vitamin K

-side chain is a single CH3

A

Menadione (Vitamin K3)

34
Q

Vitamin K functions in

A

Blood clotting

35
Q

What is a medication that inhibits Vitamin K’s clotting abilities

A

Warfarin (coumadin)

36
Q

Vitamin K and Calcium are needed for the activation of

A

Clotting factors

37
Q

Clotting factors convert prothrombin to

A

Thrombin

38
Q

Catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

Thrombin

39
Q

Fibrin forms

A

Blood clots

40
Q

Catalyzes the conversion of inactive osteocalcin to active osteocalcin which forms hydroxyappetite in bone

A

Vitamin K

41
Q

A major consequence of vitamin K deficiency is

A

Uncontrollable bleeding

42
Q

Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults and more common in

A

New borns

43
Q

At birth, all newborns are given

A

Vitamin K injections

44
Q

Can occur in children and adults with fat malabsorption diseases

A

Vitamin K deficiency

45
Q

Prolonged use of antibiotics kill large intestine bacteria which can result in

A

Vitamin K deficiency

46
Q

What is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E?

A

a-tocopherol

47
Q

Vitamin E functions predominantly as an

A

Antioxidant

48
Q

Protects biological membranes against free radicals especially important to tissues exposed to oxygen (e.g. lungs and red blood cells)

A

Vitamin E

49
Q

Vitamin E works best in conjunction with

A

Vitamin C and Selenium

50
Q

Protects DNA from oxidative damage (may reduce risk of cancer)

A

Vitamin E

51
Q

Vitamin E may protect against

A

Cataracts and heart disease

52
Q

Rare, but occurs in infants fed formula with too little vitamin E, and in cystic fibrosis (fat malabsorption disorder)

A

Hemolytic Anemia

53
Q

Weakened and ruptured blood cells caused by vitamin E deficiency

A

Hemolytic Anemia

54
Q

Can cause neuromuscular problems, neuromuscular pain, loss of coordination

A

Vitamin E deficiency

55
Q

What are the two forms of Vitamin C?

A

L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid

56
Q

Serves as an antioxidant, reduces Iron, chromium, and copper, and helps synthesize important molecules

A

Vitamin C

57
Q

Increases absorption and bioavailability and reduces superoxide (bad oxygen) to hydrogen peroxide (not so bad oxygen)

A

Vitamin C

58
Q

Important for fatty acid metabolism and energy production

-synthesized by vitamin C

A

Carnitine

59
Q

Amino acid synthesized from vitamin C

A

Tyrosine

60
Q

Vitamin C is also important in the synthesis of

A

Neurotransmitters, hormones (particularly GI), and collagen

61
Q

Reduces iron from Fe3+ to Fe2+

-which increases the absorption and bioavailability of iron

A

Vitamin C

62
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes

A

Scurvy

63
Q

Characterized by bleeding gums, skin irritation, bruising, and poor wound healing

A

Scurvy

64
Q

Cured scurvy with lemons and limes in British sailors (origin of the nickname “limeys”)

A

James Lind

GI (59 decks)

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