The "ATP" B-Vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, and B7) Flashcards
Vitamin B1 is
Thiamine
Thiamin is a form of B1, but what is the active cofactor form?
Thiamine Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Increases the absorption and bioavailability of Thiamine
Vitamin C
Decreases the absorption and bioavailability of thiamine
Oxidants in foods and alcohol
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) has which 4 main functions?
ATP production, DNA/RNA synthesis, NADPH synthesis, Nerve function
Plays a role in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, the krebs cycle, and the pentose-phosphate pathway
Vitamin B1
Thiamin triphosphate functions in
Nerve function
Vitamin B1 deficiency results in
Beri Beri
What are the 4 forms of Beri Beri?
Dry, Wet, Infantile, and Cerebral
Severe muscle wasting, leg cramps, tenderness, decreased feeling in feet and toes (peripheral neuropathy)
Dry Beri Beri
Swelling (edema) of arms and legs, enlargement of heart, breathing problems, possible heart failure
Wet Beri Beri
Seen in babies breast-fed by thiamin-deficient mothers
-Leads to Heart failure
Infantile Beri Beri
Often caused by alcoholism (low B1 intake + impaired absorption)
-Characterized by involuntary movement and paralysis of the eye, poor muscle coordination, confusion and short-term memory loss
Cerebral (Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome)
Vitamin D deficiency has also been shown to be a prevalent thing in
Heart Failure
Vitamin B2 is
Riboflavin
What are the two active cofactor forms of Riboflavin?
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) and Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
Plays an important role in the generation of 4 ATP for each citric acid cycle
Riboflavin
What are the 4 main functions of riboflavin?
- ) Redox reactions for generation of NADPH
- ) ATP production
- ) Synthesis or activation of vitamins
- ) Neurotransmitter metabolism
Functions in the krebs cycle and the use of fatty acids for ATP production
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B2 plays a role in the synthesis or activation of which 5 vitamins?
A, Folate, Niacin, B6, and K
B2 functions in the neurotransmitter metabolism of
Dopamine and norepinephrine
Vitamin B2 deficiency results in
Ariboflavinosis
Isolated deficiency is rare, and generally occurs in instances of malnutrition and multiple micronutrient deficiencies
Vitamin B2
Characterized by muscle weakness, mouth and lip sources (cheilosis), mouth inflammation (stomatitis), enlarged and inflamed tongue (glossitis)
Ariboflavinosis
Can occur secondary to alcoholism or thyroid disease
Vitamin B2 deficiency
Reduces blood pressure in individuals with a genetic predisposition to high blood pressure
Vitamin B2
Vitamin B3 is
Niacin
What are the two forms of niacin?
Niacin and nicotinamide
Nicotinamide (from niacin) is important because it functions in
NAD and NADP
Functions in the same redox reactions as B2
Niacin
What are three other functions of Niacin?
- ) ATP production
- ) Synthesis and metabolism of compound
- ) Cholesterol metabolism
Functions in both glycolysis and the krebs cycel to generate aTP
Niacin
Involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, DNA, Vitamin C, and folate
Niacin
Lowers LDL and raises HDL
Niacin
Niacin deficiency results in
Pellagra
Once was very common in the Southern U.S. due to corn being the primary source of protein (corn is low in both niacin and tryptophan)
Pellagra
The symptoms of Pellagra are called the
4 D’s
- ) Dermatitis
- ) Diarrhea
- ) Dimentia
- ) Death
High dose niacin supplements lowers
-also can result in flushing and itching
Cholesterol
Vitamin B5 is
Pantothenic Acid
Panthotenic acid makes up a large chunk of
Acetyl-CoA
Like niacin, functions in both glycolysis and the krebs cycle to generate ATP
Vitamin B5
Important for the synthesis of heme, cholesterol, bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids, and steroid hormones
B5 (pantothenic acid)
Vitamin B7 is
Biotin
Is typically bound to protein in food; usually does not affect bioavailability much
Biotin
A protein with very strong binding to biotin which inhibits biotin’s absorption
-Found in egg whites
Avidin
This effect of avidin is removed when they are
Cooked
Biotin serves its main function in
Carboxylation reactions
Biotin functions in catalyzing carboxylation reactions in which 4 things?
Gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and ATP production
Not common, but can result in intestinal diseases that block absorption
Biotin deficiency
Characterized by symptoms such as depression, hallucinations, skin irritation, infections, hair loss, poor muscle control, seizures, developmental delays
Biotin deficiency
