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GI > Energy Balance in Exercise > Flashcards

Energy Balance in Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

It is recommended that all adults exercise at least

A

30 minutes per day

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2
Q

Studies show that individuals with type 2 DM show increased insulin sensitivity and better blood glucose control after

A

Exercising

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3
Q

Has also been shown to improve with moderate exercise in comparison to being sedentary

A

Immune function

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4
Q

However, too much exercise can also lead to a

A

Depressed immune system

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5
Q

Requires a lot of energy, which is used through ATP, leading to its consumption and increased quantity of ADP and AMP

A

Exercise

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6
Q

This combination of decreased ATP and increased AMP leads to activation of

A

AMPK

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7
Q

Activation of AMPK stimulates

-Leads to more energy production

A

Catabolism

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8
Q

AMPK activates?

-Increases glucose transport into the cell and skeletal muscle FA oxidation

A

GLUT 4

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9
Q

Inhibits ATP-consuming processes including TAG, glycogen, and protein synthesis

A

AMPK

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10
Q

In the liver, energy requirements dictate whether glycolysis or gluconeogenesis will take over via the enzyme

A

PFK-2

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11
Q

In glucose abundant conditions, release of insulin leaves PFK-2 in an unphosphorylated state, and thus it is able to produce

A

Fructose 2,6-BP

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12
Q

This then further stimulates

-continues glycolysis

A

PFK-1

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13
Q

On the other hand, a glucose scarce state leads to glucagon secretion which results in

A

Phosphorylation and inactivation of PFK-2

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14
Q

In this case, PFK-1 is not stimulated and instead FBP-1,6-ase is allowed to continue with

A

Gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Accelerates glycolysis in muscle and inhibits glycolysis in the liver

A

Epinephrine

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16
Q

Leads to glycogen breakdown in muscl and increased F-6-P substrate for PFK-1 to use in glycolysis

A

Epinephrine

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17
Q

Lacks the regulatory serine residue, which is phosphorylated in the liver, thus allowing glycolysis to continue in the muscle

A

Skeletal muscle isozyme of PFK-2

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18
Q

During long periods of exercise, the liver maintains blood glucose levels through hepatic

A

Glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

Initially, we will see predominance of

A

Glycogenolysis

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20
Q

However, after several hours we will slowly see a switch to reliance on

A

Gluconeogenesis

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21
Q

Returned from BCAAs to the liver via alanine in the

A

Alanine cycle (no net production of glucose)

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22
Q

When β-­‐oxidation of fatty acids is required as an energy source, there is a tight regulatory system in place to control the entrance of

A

Fatty Acyl CoA into mitochondria

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23
Q

There is no fatty acid synthesis in the

A

Muscle tissue

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24
Q

An isozyme of the enzyme for the committed step of fatty acid synthesis

-found in muscle

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC-2)

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25
Q

ACC-2 inhibits

A

Carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT-I)

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26
Q

ACC-2 inhibits CPT-I through

A

Malonyl CoA

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27
Q

ACC-2 inhibits CPT-I through malonyl CoA, thereby blocking fatty acyl CoA entry into the

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

As energy levels drop, AMP activates

A

AMPK

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29
Q

Phosphorylates and inactivates ACC-2

A

AMPK

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30
Q

Phosphorylates and activates malonyl CoA Decarboxylase (MCoADC)

A

AMPK

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31
Q

Converts malonyl CoA to acetyl CoA, thereby relieving the inhibition of CPT-I and allowing fatty acyl CoA entry into the mitochondria

A

MCoADC

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32
Q

This allows muscle to generate ATP via the oxidation of

A

Fatty Acids

33
Q

During lipolytic conditions, when fuel must be provided by adipose tissue, FA release from the stored TAGs is accelerated by

A

Hormone sensitive lipase

34
Q

However, FAs are released in excess. So the liver continues to recycle the excess FA via

A

VLDL

35
Q

Although this cycling process has a cost, it requires only

A

5% of energy stored in FAs

36
Q

Necessary for TAG formation

A

Glycerol-3-phosphate

37
Q

During lipolysis, glycolysis is inhibited and thus, does not have a readily available supply of

A

DHAP

38
Q

Makes DHAP in the adipose tissue for glycerol-3-Phosphate generation

A

Glyceroneogenesis

39
Q

A shortened version of gluconeogenesis in the adipose tissue and it contains some of the same steps as gluconeogenesis

A

Glyceroneogenesis

40
Q

Explains wht adipose cells express pyruvate carboxylase and PEPCK even though fat cells don’t make glucose

A

Glyceroneogenesis

41
Q

GLyceroneogenesis converts pyruvate to

A

DHAP

42
Q

Activates glycolysis in muscle

A

Epinephrine

43
Q

Results in a net transport of nitrogen from BCAAs to the liver, but results in no net production of glucose

A

Alanine Cycle

44
Q

Made by ACC-2 to regulate beta-oxidation in muscle

A

Malonyl CoA

45
Q

How many biological energy systems are used by muscle?

A

Three

46
Q

Anaerobic, and provides ATP primarily for short-term, high-intensity activities

A

Phosphagen system

47
Q

The key energy generator of the phosphagen system

A

Creatine Phosphate

48
Q

Active at the start of all exercise regardless of intensity

A

Phosphagen system

49
Q

Serves as a small reservoir of high-energy phosphate that can readily regenerate ATP from ADP

A

Creatine Phosphate

50
Q

Creatine phosphate carries high-energy phosphate from the mitochondira and to

A

Myosin filaments

51
Q

Where ATP is used for muscle contraction

A

Myosin filaments

52
Q

Requires ATP and only occurs during recovery from exercise

A

Creatine phosphate reformation

53
Q

What are the three biological energy systems for muscle?

A
  1. ) Phosphagen system
  2. ) Glycolysis
  3. ) Oxidative system
54
Q

The breakdown of carbohydrates to either be stored in glycogen or delivered in the blood to produce ATP

A

Glycolysis

55
Q

The primary source of ATP at rest and low-intensity

-uses primarily carbohydrates and fats as substrates

A

Oxidative system

56
Q

After the phosphagen system is used up, what does the body decide to do next?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

57
Q

How much faster is the rate of ATP production from glycolysis (anaerobic) than from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

100 times faster

58
Q

During fast glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into

-provides ATP at a fast rate

A

Lactic acid

59
Q

During exertion, muscle cells do not need to energize

A

Anabolic reaction pathways

60
Q

Slow-twitch fibers with high capacity to store O2 via myoglobin, leading to their red color

A

Type I Fibers

61
Q

Use the oxidative system and are typically more prominent in marathon runners

A

Type I muscle fibers

62
Q

Fast twitch fibers that appear white due to low myoglobin

A

Type IIb fibers

63
Q

Use the fast glycolytic system and are seen more in sprinters

A

Type IIb fibers

64
Q

As intensity increases (i.e. sprinting) what happens to

  1. ) Carbohydrate use
  2. ) Fat use
A
  1. ) Increases

2. ) Decreases

65
Q

As duration increases (i.e. a marathon), what happens to

  1. ) Carbohydrate use
  2. ) Fat use
A
  1. ) Decreases

2. ) Increases

66
Q

Plasma FFA (fat from fat cells) is the primary fuel source for

A

Low intensity exercise

67
Q

As intensity increases, the source shifts to

A

Muscle glycogen

68
Q

Decreases 50-70% during high intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated by exercise to exhaustion

A

Creatine Phosphate

69
Q

However, even during intense exercise, muscle ATP concentrations do not decrease by more than

A

60%

70
Q

Post exercise repletion of phosphagen occurs via resynthesis of ATP in

A

3-5 minutes

71
Q

The whole repletion process is so quick that complete creatine phosphate resynthesis can occur in

A

8 minutes

72
Q

Resistance training can result in an increase in the resting concentration of

A

Phosphagens

73
Q

A likely cause of fatigue during prolonged exercise

A

Glycogen depletion

74
Q

Repletion of muscle glycogen during recovery is related to post exercise

A

Carbohydrate consumption

75
Q

With adequate carbohydrate intake, muscle glycogen may be completely replenished within

A

24 hours

76
Q

Anaerobic training can increase

A

Glycogen stores

77
Q

Muscle glycogen is more important than liver glycogen during

A

Moderate/high intensity exercise

78
Q

More important in low intensity exercise and its contribution increases with duration

A

Liver glycogen

GI (59 decks)

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