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GI > Amino Acid Building Blocks > Flashcards

Amino Acid Building Blocks Flashcards

1
Q

Key regulatory molecules that control homeostasis, response to growth signals, initiate the ‘flight-or-fight’ response, and control circadian rhythms and movement

A

Neurotransmitters

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2
Q

There are three general classes of neurotransmitters, what are they?

A

Protein-based, steroid derived, and amino acid derived

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3
Q

The turnover of proteins yields amino acids, energy, nitrogen for various metabolites (porphyrins), and building blocks for the synthesis of

A

Neurotransmitters and nucleic acids

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4
Q

What is the chain reaction in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of dopamine –> loss of norepinephrine –> loss of epinephrine –> loss of serotonin

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5
Q

Can result from reduced levels of dopamine

A

Schizophrenia

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6
Q

Seizures can be caused by deficiency of

A

GABA and dopamine

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7
Q

Causes hypersensitivity to sunlight, and increased incidence of retinal damage

A

Lack of Melanin

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8
Q

Neurotransmitters/regulators that are protein-based include

A

Insulin, growth hormone and endomorphins

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9
Q

The steroid-based neurotransmitters are

A

Estrogens and Androgens

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10
Q

Neurotransmitters that are synthesized from amino acids and related precursors include

A

Thyroxin, dopamine, norepi, and epi

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11
Q

Serotonin, melatonin and acetylcholine are also derivatives of

A

Amino acids

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12
Q

Catecholamine’s describe a set of neurotransmitters that are synthesized from

A

Tyrosine

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13
Q

A thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism and thermoregulation

A

Thyroxine

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14
Q

Higher levels of thyroxine increase

A

Protein synthesis

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15
Q

Three enzymes that facilitate thyroixine reactions all contain

A

Selenium

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16
Q

Which 4 neurotransmitters are derived from phenylalanine (with cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin)?

A

Thyroxine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine

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17
Q

Regulates movement and promotes ‘reward-stimulating’ behavior.

-It stimulates the primary appetitive behaviors including feeding, fighting, fleeing and sexual function

A

Dopamine

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18
Q

Deficiency in dopamine synthesis can lead to

A

Parkinson’s Disease

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19
Q

There is evidence that ADD might also be associated with reduced levels of

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

In contrast, elevated levels of dopamine can cause schizophrenia. The key drugs that are used to treat schizophrenia depress

A

Dopamine levels

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21
Q

Important for stress-response. Synthesized and released from the adrenal medulla and plays a critical role in sympathetic neurons

A

Norepinephrine

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22
Q

It functions in the ‘fight-or-flight’ response by triggering glucose release and acceleration of heart rate

A

Norepinephrine

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23
Q

Norepinephrine is used as a vasopressor medication for treatment of

A

Hypotension

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24
Q

Low levels of norepinephrine can cause

A

Lethargy and depression

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25
Q

Conversion of norepinephrine –> epinephrine requires

A

SAM

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26
Q

Synthesized and released from the adrenal medulla. High levels are detected in the circulation following myocardial infarction

A

Epinephrine

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27
Q

Administered to treat cardiac arrest and anaphylaxis

A

Epinephrine

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28
Q

All contain two hydroxyls on the phenyl ring

A

Catecholamines

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29
Q

Tryptophan is an important amino acid for the synthesis of

A

Seratonin and melatonin

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30
Q

What is the co-factor for tryptophan?

A

Tetrahydrobiopterin

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31
Q

Important for thermoregulation and pain perception

A

Seratonin

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32
Q

When seratonin levels are misregulated, we can observe

A

Bipolar effects

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33
Q

Regulates the sleep/wake circadian cycle

A

Melatonin

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34
Q

Needed for synthesis of melanin pigment, which protects against sunlight induced UV damage

A

Tyrosine

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35
Q

Involved in the synthesis of prophyrin

A

Glycine

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36
Q

A co-factor in reactions leading from glycine –> prophyrin

A

Pyridoxial phosphate (Vit. B6)

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37
Q

Key component of creatine and porphyrin. Also required in the synthesis of creatine and glutathione

A

Glycine

38
Q

Controls the primary inhibitory mechanisms in the brain

-synthesized from glutamic acid

A

GABA

39
Q

Serves the primary role of attenuating neuronal function

A

GABA

40
Q

Required for glutathione synthesis

A

Glutamate

41
Q

Which 3 amino acids combine to make glutathione?

A

Glutamate, Cysteine, and Glycine

42
Q

A free radical gas that can dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

43
Q

Which two things require arginine for synthesis?

A

NO and creatine

44
Q

Histamine is a cyclic amine that is derived from

A

Histidine

45
Q

Can regulate sleep; cause irritation of respiratory tract, and is released following tissue injury

A

Histamine

46
Q

Histidine decarboxylase requires

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (Vit. B6)

47
Q

Porphyria includes a number of disorders characterized by a defect in

A

Heme synthesis

48
Q

Defects can arise from the transport and incorporation of iron, and in the synthesis of the

A

Porphyrin ring

49
Q

Symptoms include photosensitivity, neurosensitivity, and a range of psychiatric conditions

A

Porphyrin deficiency

50
Q

Heme synthesis initiates in a reaction that condenses Succinyl-CoA to

A

Glycine

51
Q

Synthesis of heme begins in the mitochondria, continues in the cytosol, and is completed in the

A

Mitochondria

52
Q

Phenylalanine –> Tyrosine is mediated by

-requires tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor

A

Phenylalanine hydroxylase

53
Q

Tetrahydrobiopterin is restored by

A

Dihydropteridine reductase

54
Q

Tyrosine –> DOPA is mediated by

-requires tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

55
Q

DOPA –> Dopamine is simply a

-Requires B6

A

Decarboxylation of DOPA

56
Q

The primary excitatory signal in the brain

A

Glutamate

57
Q

A precursor for the synthesis of Glutathione, which is composed of a tripeptide (glutamate + cysteine + glycine), with a reactive sulfhydral group

A

Glutamate

58
Q

A major antioxidant that is important for protecting RBC’s from oxidative damage

A

Glutathione

59
Q

The RBC has a strongly oxidative environment and proteins that are damaged can precipitate into aggregates called

A

Heinz Bodies

60
Q

Also plays an important role as a co-factor in the formation of accurate protein disulfide bonds

A

Glutathione

61
Q

Uses NADPH to reduce and restore the levels of reduced glutathione

A

Glutathione Peroxidase

62
Q

This enzyme is unusual in that it contains a modified amino acid, selenium, in its active site (selenocystine)

A

Glutathioneperoxidase

63
Q

In erythrocytes the pentose-phosphate cycle keeps gluathione proxidase active by maintaining adequate supply of

A

NADPH

64
Q

Also required for the movement of amino acids across membranes (termed the y-glutamyl cycle)

A

Glutathione

65
Q

The recovery of amino acids by renal epithelial cells requires the

A

y-Glutamyl cycle

66
Q

Movement of the amino acid results in the breakdown of glutathione into its amino acid constitutents (glutamate; cysteine; glycine), and therefore glutathione needs to be resynthesized in a mechanism that requires

A

ATP

67
Q

The levels of glutathione are altered following prolonged oxidative stress and in

A

Diabetes

68
Q

A storage form of high energy phosphate in tissues with high ATP requirements (muscle; brain)

A

Creatine

69
Q

Creatine is synthesized from

A

Arginine and glycine

70
Q

Creatine is synthesized from arginine and glycine and receives a methyl group from

A

SAM

71
Q

Are highly cationic and can bind DNA. They are thought to mediate DNA specific reactions

A

Polyamines

72
Q

Key messenger molecule (a reactive free radical), whose level is often altered in disease

A

NO

73
Q

Synthesized from arginine in a reaction requiring NADPH and O2

A

NO

74
Q

NO is generated by immune cells to induce macrophage-specific killing. NO also activates

A

Guanylate cyclase

75
Q

Required in multiple reactions involving neurotransmitter synthesis

A

Tetrahydropterin

76
Q

Recall that in PKU phenylalanine is not efficiently converted to tyrosine. This reaction requires the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, and the co-factor

A

Tetrahydropterin

77
Q

A product of this reaction is the synthesis of dihydrobiopterin, which must be converted back to tetrahydrobiopterin in a step that requires

A

GTP

78
Q

This reaction is catalyzed by

-Requires NADH

A

Dihydropterin reductase

79
Q

A progressive neurodegenerative disease with no cure. It results from the loss of dopamine producing cells (primarily the substantia nigra), which results in movement disorders, tremor and rigidity

A

Parkinson’s Disease

80
Q

The disruption in dopamine synthesis is accompanied by deficiency in production of other

A

Catecholamines

81
Q

The nigrostriatal pathway (extending from the substantia nigra to the striatum) produces about 75% of the brain’s

A

Dopamine

82
Q

In PD as much as 80% of the dopamine producing cells degenerate before we see

A

Symptoms

83
Q

What do we use to treat Parkinson’s?

A

L-DOPA

84
Q

Its efficacy diminishes over time

A

L-DOPA

85
Q

In the substantia nigra DOPA is converted to

A

Dopamine

86
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are broken down by the enzymes

A

Catecholamine O-methyltransferase (COMT) and by monoamine oxidase (MAO)

87
Q

Can provide a way to increase the levels of these neurotransmitters for the treatment of clinical depression

A

COMT and MAO inhibitors

88
Q

Lack of tyrosine reduces levels of

A

Catecholamne neurotransmitters

89
Q

The high level of phenylalanine is converted to phenylacetate which combines with glutamine in the liver in

A

PKU

90
Q

The resulting phenylacetylglutamine is directly excreted in the urine, and provides a method to eliminate two

A

Two nitrogens

91
Q

Results from a deficiency in the conversion of tyrosine to melanin

A

Albinism

GI (59 decks)

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