Flipped Classroom: Lipoproteins II Flashcards
Successively denser, having higher ratios of protein to lipid and therefore will be on top of the centrifuge tube
VLDLs and LDLs
Can also be separated on the basis of their size using electrophoretic mobility
Plasma lipoproteins
Function in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism through their involvement in the transport and redistribution of lipids among various cells and tissues
Apoproteins
Have a role as cofactors for enzymes of lipid metabolism
Apoproteins
Apoproteins help maintian the structure of
Lipoproteins
What are the two basic phases of lipoprotein metabolism?
Processing and clearance
When lipoproteins undergo changes in composition of both surface and core components
Processing phase
Cleared from the blood via reeptor-mediated endocytosis (clearance phase)
Lipoproteins
Major protein of HDL
-activates LCAT
ApoA-I
Primarily found in HDL where it activates hepatic lipase activity
ApoA-II
Derived from ApoB-100 gene by RNA editing
-Found exclusively in chylomicrons
ApoB-48
ApoB-48 lack the
LDLR binding domain
Major protein of LDL
-Binds to LDL receptor (LDLR)
ApoB-100
Activates lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
ApoC-II
Inhibits LPL
ApoC-III
Major protein of remnant lipoproteins
ApoE
ApoE binds to
LRP and LDLR
What are the two important lipases in lipoprotein metabolism
Lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase
Hydrolyze triglycerides into FFAs and glycerol
LPL and Hepatic lipase
Attached by interaction with glycosaminoglycans on the endothelial cells
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
Interacts with chylomicrons or VLDLs to catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerides to FFAs and glycerol
LPL
Serves as a cofactor for LPL on the lipoprotein
ApoC-II
What percentage of the FFAs are taken by adipose tissue, heart, and muscle?
-rest returned to liver
80%
Primarily a phospholipase, but also possesses triglyceride hydrolase activity
Hepatic Lipase (HL)
HL is synthesized by hepatocytes and is present primarily on
Liver endothelial cells
Transported from the liver to the capillary endothelium of the adrenals, ovaries, and testes, where it functions in the release of lipids from lipoproteins for use in these organs
HL
Serves as the cofactor for HL on HDL
ApoA-II
Hydrolyzes triglycerides and possibly excess surface phospholipids in the final processing of chylomicron remnants
HL
HL completes the processing of IDL to
LDL
Participates in the conversion of HDL2 to HDL3 by the removal of triglyceride and phospholipid from
HDL2
Important for metabolizing dietary triacylglycerols and contain B48, CII, CIII, and E
Chylomicrons
Important for metabolizing liver derived triacylglycerols and contain B100 instead of B48
-also contain CII, CIII, and E
VLDLs
Formed in cicrulation by VLDL metabolism and delivers primarily cholesterol to the peripheral tissues
LDL
Contains only B100
LDL
Synthesized in the liver and reside on HDL
ApoC-II and III
Mainly stems from the liver, and chylomicrons acquire it from HDL
ApoE
Lipoprotein metabolism can be broken down into which three pathways?
- ) Exogenous
- ) Endogenous
- ) Reverse cholesterol transport
Deals with dietary lipids and originates in the intestine
Exogenous pathway
Deals largely with de novo synthesized lipids and originates in the liver
Endogenou spathway
Deals largely with cholesterol in the peripheral tissues
Reverse cholesterol transport pathway
Dietary lipids are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and are released into the lymphatic system inside of chylomicrons in the
Exogenous pathway
Then, on the walls of blood capillaries, triglycerides are hydrolyzed to FFAs and glycerol by
LPL
A similar reaction is catalyzed in the walls of the liver by
HL
Through the removal of triglycerides by LPL in the exogenous pathway, chylomicrons become remnants and they are taken up by the
Liver
As for the endogenous pathway, the liver exports cholesterol and cholesterol esters in
VLDL
Then, lipases remove triglycerides, thereby converting VLDL to
IDL and LDL
Contains much more cholesterol than it does triglycerides
LDL
Then, in the endogenous pathway, liver and peripheral cells endocytose the cholesterol-rich
LDL
In the reverse cholesterol transport pathway, extrahepatic tissues export cholesterol by adding it to circulating
HDL
This cholesterol is then delivered mainly to the
Liver
Located at the apical membrane of enterocytes and facilitates the uptake of cholesterol across the brush border membrane
NPC1L1 protein
Promotes the active transfer of cholesterol and plant sterols back into the intestinal lumen for secretion
ABCG5/G8 transporter
This absorbed cholesterol is esterified by
-is then incorporated into nascent chylomicron particles
Acyl CoA cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2)
Synthesized around the ApoB-48 in the ER
Chylomicrons
Dietary fatty acids are used for triglyceride synthesis in the
Smooth ER
Transfers triglycerides and cholesterol esters to ApoB-48
Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein (MTP)
The nascent chylomicrons leave the ER and are secreted through the Golgi complex to the basolateral side of the
Enterocyte
In the blood, chylomicrons gain ApoC-II and III and ApoE from
HDL
Necessary for the uptake of chylomicron remnants by the liver
ApoC-III and ApoE
Chylomicron remnants (but not chylomicrons) are small enough to enter the
Space of Disse in the liver
In the space of Disse in the liver, we see triglyceride removal by
HL
ApoE on chylomicron remnants binds to the
-Results in remnants entering hepatocytes via endocytosis
LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)
The chylomicron remnants are then degraded by
Lysozomes
Absorption of the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K occurs in the small intestine, and these vitamins are transported ot the liver by
Chylomicrons
The halflife for a given chylomicron is
Minutes
Fasting blood samples are used to determine lipids in order to prevent contamination by
Chylomicrons
Ancompasses the triglycerides inside all lipoprotein particles, i.e. chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL
Total triglycerides
The nascent chylomicron enters the circulation carrying ApoB-48 and a large cargo of
Triacylglycerol
It then receives ApoE and C-II from
HDL
The chylomicrons travel around the circulatory system until they associate with
LPL
As triacylglycerol is lost, the chylomicron shrinks and forms a
Chylomicron Remnant (CMR)
The released fatty acids can be reassembled into triacylglycerol for storage as fat or oxidized to produce
ATP
The remnant is taken up by the liver through receptor mediated endocytosis because the liver recognizes
ApoB-48 and ApoE
Dietary cholesterol delivered to the liver in CMR can be repackaged in VLDLs and sent out to tissues or converted to
Bile salts
Inhibits cholesterol synthesis by the liver
Dietary cholesterol
The counterparts to the chylomicron and exogenous pathway is
VLDL and the endogenous pathway
VLDLs are created in the liver, containing “endogenous”
TAGs and CEs
The liver synthesizes a small amount of fatty acids from excess dietary carbohydrate and esterifies these fatty acids with glycerol to form
Triglycerides
The liver packages triglycerides into
-released into blood
VLDLs
Nascent VLDL enters the circulation containing
APoB-100 and some ApoE and C-II
As ith chylomicrons, additional ApoE and ApoC-II are donated to VLDL from
HDL
The presence of ApoC-II stimulates LPL to degrade the
TAGs present in VLDL
This results in the delivery of liver-originating FFAs to adipose and other
Peripheral organs
The resulting action of LPL on VLDL is its conversion to the
VLDL remnant (AKA IDL [intermediate density lipoprotein])
What is the halflife of VLDL?
Hours
Approximately half of the VLDL remnants are cleared from the circulation by the liver via
ApoE and its receptor
The remaining half of IDL is remodeled to
-remains in circulation
LDL
The conversion of IDL to LDL involves the removal of both TAGs and phospholipids and requires the action of
HL
As a consequence of the cumulative action of LPL and HL on these particles, the LDL particle is significantly enriched in
Cholesterol Esters (CEs)
The half-life of LDL particles is long, on the order of
Days
The majority of lipids observed in a fasting blood sample is
LDL, VLDL, and IDL
The majority of blood-borne cholesterol is from
LDL
Throughout the body, LDL’s ApoB-100 acts as a ligand for
LDL receptors (LDLR)
Approximately 2/3 of the circulating LDL is taken up by the liver via
ApoB-100 binding to LDL receptors
The remaining 1/3 is taken up via ApoB-100 and the LDL receptor in
Peripheral tissues
NOT the only mechanism for the clearance of LDL particles form blood
LDLR
After endocytosis of LDL, triglycerides and cholesterol esters are hydrolyzed in lissomes by
Lysosomal acid lipase
What percentage of all of the LDL is taken up by the liver?
Approximately 70%
Acts on LDL receptors to prevent their recycling to the plasma membrane surface and promote their degradation in lysosomes
PCSK9
An integral part of the cholesterol-dependent regulation of the number of LDLRs
PCSK9