Metabolic Disturbances due to Food Allergies

Question 1

Are food allergies more prevalent in children or adults?

Answer 1

Children (6-8% vs 3.7%)

Question 2

The leading causes of fatal and near-fatal food allergic reactions

Answer 2

Tree nuts and peanuts

Question 3

Over a period of 2 years, what are the chances that an individual has an allergic reaction?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

What are the most common allergies in adults?

Answer 4

Seafood allergies

Question 5

Food allergies are the most frequent precipitators of emergency room visits to treat

Answer 5

Anaphylaxis (32-54%)

Question 6

The least abundant immunoglobin

-found only in mammals

Answer 6

IgE

Question 7

IgE is found in the mucous membranes of

Answer 7

Lungs, intestines, and skin

Question 8

IgE provides protection against

Answer 8

Parasites (helminths)

Question 9

Plays a major role in allergies

Answer 9

IgE

Question 10

Binds to basophils (mast cells) on the FCeRI

Answer 10

IgE

Question 11

What are the two stages of food allergy progression?

Answer 11

Sensitization and elicitation

Question 12

The majority of food allergens are

Answer 12

Proteins

Question 13

What is the protein that causes peanut allergies?

-seed storage protein

Answer 13

Ara h 1-8

Question 14

What is the protein that causes shellfish allergy?

-muscle protein

Answer 14

Tropomyosin

Question 15

What is the protein that causes allergy to cow’s milk?

-functions in lactose biosynthesis

Answer 15

Lactalbumin

Question 16

Allergens contain one or more epitopes (fragments) that bind

Answer 16

IgE

Question 17

Structural similarity between allergens, such as that seen in the birch pollen (Bet v 1 ) and apple (Mal d 2) allergens may drive

Answer 17

Cross-reactivity

Question 18

A very atypical food allergy

Answer 18

Celiac disease

Question 19

A proline/glutamine rich polypeptide found in wheat

Answer 19

Gliadin

Question 20

Gliadin binds strongly to

Answer 20

HLA type DQ2

Question 21

Gliadin binding strongly to HLA type DQ2 drives an

Answer 21

Immune response

Question 22

HLA-DQ2 binding is made more potent by activation of peptides by tissue

Answer 22

Transglutaminase

Question 23

Transglutaminase can crosslink with gliadin peptides, resulting in formation of antibodies against peptide-bound complex, leading to a stronger

Answer 23

Autoimmune reaction

Question 24

The proline rich sequence of gliadin makes it resistant to

Answer 24

Protease digestion

Question 25

This increases gliadin's concentration in the small intestine where it can be absorbed and drive an

Answer 25

Immune response

Question 26

Inhibits digestion of dietary proteins and causes food allergy

Answer 26

Antacid medication

Question 27

Antacid medications can cause

Answer 27

Food allergies

Question 28

Interferes with denaturation and proteolysis of food antigens in the stomach

Answer 28

Gastric acid suppression

Question 29

Drugs that elevate gastric pH may allow epitopes that are normally destroyed in the stomach to be preserved and recognized by the

Answer 29

Immune system

Question 30

Mice fed Bifidobacterium breve and fructo + galacto oligosaccharides were less likely to be sensitized to

Answer 30

Whey proteins

Question 31

How many human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) that do not nourish infants but support growth of certain beneficial gut bacteria like Bifidobacterium infantis

Answer 31

200

Question 32

Also prevent the growth of harmful bacteria like Campylobacter jejuni by blocking their binding to the intestinal mucosa

Answer 32

HMOs

Question 33

Human milk contains several lactic acid bacteria that secrete -kills harmful pathogens

Answer 33

Hydrogen peroxide

Question 34

Gastric acid suppression during pregnancy can lead to

Answer 34

Childhood asthma (or other allergies)

Question 35

The use of maternal acid-suppressive medication is associated with an increased odds ratio for the development of

Answer 35

Childhood asthma

Question 36

Environmentally induced alterations in the commensal microbiota have been implicated in the increasing prevalence of

Answer 36

Food allergies

Question 37

Sensitization to a food allergen is increased in mice that have been treated with

Answer 37

Antibiotics

Question 38

By selectively colonizing gnotobiotic mice, we demonstrate that the allergy protective capacity is conferred by a

Answer 38

Clostridia-containing microbiota

Question 39

Microarray analysis of intestinal epithelial cells from gnotobiotic mice revealed a previously unidentified mechanism by which Clostridia regulate

Answer 39

Innate lymphoid cell function

Question 40

A method to elevate IgG and Treg levels and reduce allergies

Answer 40

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)

Question 41

SLIT results in lower

Answer 41

IgE levels

Question 42

mABs against IgE or FceRI broadly reduce sensitivity to a range of

Answer 42

Antigens

Question 43

Allosteric binding to IgE heavy chain domains can dissociate

Answer 43

IgE from the receptor