Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > Review of GI Anatomy I > Flashcards

Review of GI Anatomy I Flashcards

1
Q

The elimination of insoluble substances and other materials occurs in the

A

Large intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

After the oral cavity, the digestive system consists of which 4 layers?

A
  1. ) Mucosa
  2. ) Submucosa
  3. ) Muscularis Externa
  4. ) Serosa/adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epithelium of the mucosal layer lines the lumen of the digestive tract and originates from ENDODERM for

A

Forgut, midgut, and hindgut derivatives (pharynx to large intestine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The things that are derived from ectoderm are derivatives of the

A

Stomodeum and proctodeum (mouth and lower anal canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Forms from invagination of the developing gut epithelium and intramural-extramural glands extend through the gut layers with ducts that carry secretions to the luminal surface

A

Glandular Epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Surrounds the endoderm and forms connective tissue, muscle, and serosa of the digestive viscera

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Neural crest cells migrate into the gut to form the

A

Enteric ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

By week 4, the primordial gut is made up of endoderm-lined

A

Foregut, midgut, and hindgut

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Forms epithelium of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum and liver, gall bladder, pancreas with associated duct systems

A

Foregut endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Forms epithelium of the distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal ⅔ transverse colon

A

Midgut endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The midgut is initially connected to the yolk sac via the

A

Vitteline Duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Forms epithelium of the distal ⅓ transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, proximal part of anal canal

A

Hindgut endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The ectoderm-endoderm membranes of the stomodeum and foregut form the

A

Oropharyngeal/buccopharyngeal membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A birth defect in which the gut structures remain herniated at the umbilicus because of failure of intestines to return back to abdominal cavity during development

A

Omphalocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In omphalocele, are the intestines in contact with the amniotic fluid?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Early in development, the embryonic body cavity (intraembryonic coelom) is lined with

A

Mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Divides into visceral and parietal mesoderm with an intervening body cavity

A

Lateral Plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Thus, the body cavity in the abdominopelvic region is the

A

Peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Organs that protrude into the peritoneal cavity only slightly are

-Example: kidneys

A

Retroperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Others such as the stomach and spleen protrude completely and are

A

Intraperitoneal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Intraperitoneal organs are connected to the posterior abdominal wall by a

A

Mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Between the thoracic diaphragm superiorly, pelvic diaphragm inferiorly, abdominal wall anterolaterally, vertebral column-muscles posteriorly

A

Abdominopelvic cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A serosa/serous membrane that covers intraperitoneal organs and peritoneal walls

A

Peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Consists of mesothelium (simple squamous epithelium) with a thin layer of supportive loose connective tissue

A

Serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Continuity between parietal and visceral peritoneum occurs in

A

Mesentery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Double-layered peritoneal membranes that form from continuity between parietal and visceral peritonea passing between the posterior body wall and the viscera

A

Mesenteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The hepatoduodenual ligament is a double layer of peritoneum at the free edge of the lesser omentum that connects duodenum to liver. It conducts the

A

Portal triad (hepatic portal vein, proper hepatic artery, common bile duct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The parietal peritoneum is supplied by the same neurovasculature as the overlying body wall and is thus sensitive to

A

Pressure, pain, heat, cold, and laceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Somatic pain from the parietal peritoneum is generally

A

Well localized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Patients experience more pain with large incisions of the well-innervated parietal peritoneum. Small laparoscopic incisions reduce pain and potential for contamination and

A

Peritonitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Insensitive to touch, heat, cold, and laceration

A

Visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Poorly localized visceral pain from the visceral peritoneum is activated by stretching and chemical irritation and is referred to

A

Dermatomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is pain from the foregut, midgut, and hindgut typically located?

A
  1. ) Foregut = epigastric
  2. ) Midgut = umbilical
  3. ) Hindgut = hypogastric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Include stomach, liver, gall bladder, spleen, tail of pancreas, beginning of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, transverse colon, sigmoid colon

A

Intraperitoneal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Include most of duodenum, ascending colon, descending colon, most of pancreas, upper rectum

A

Secondarily retroperitoneal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Include kidney, adrenal gland, ureter, aorta, IVC, lower rectum, anal canal

A

Primary retroperitoneal organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Inflamed peritoneum (from surgery or infection) can lead to surfaces that are sticky with

A

Fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

During healing, fibrous scar tissue can form abnormal attachments between visceral and parietal serosal layers, known as

A

Adhesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This tethering may cause chronic pain or emergency complications such as

A

Intestinal obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The arterial supply to the structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper esophagus are from

A

Branches of external carotid and subclavian arteries, and the thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Venous drainage from the structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and upper esophagus is from tributaries to the

A

Subclavian vein, azygous vein, SVC, and IVC

42
Q

Branches of the abdominal aorta include the

A

Celiac trunk, SMA, and IMA

43
Q

Supplies derivatives of the foregut in the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Celiac trunk

44
Q

Supplies the midgut

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA)

45
Q

Supplies derivatives of the hindgut and abdominopelvic cavity

A

Inferior Mesenteric Artery (IMA)

46
Q

Anastomoses between these branches occur through the

A

Marginal Artery

47
Q

May help demonstrate obstruction of branches, which can result in ischemia and necrosis (tissue death)

A

An arteriogram

48
Q

The necrotic segment may become non-functional. This will result in colicky pain as well as

A

Abdominal distinction, vomiting, fever, and dehydration

49
Q

Much of the gut drains into the hepatic portal vein via the

A

Splenic vein, SMV, and IMV

50
Q

The hepatic portal vein is flanked by capillary beds, with one capillary bed in the gut and the other in the

A

Liver (as sinusoids)

51
Q

Anterior to the IVC and posterior to the neck of the pancreas

A

Hepatic portal vein

52
Q

The hepatic protal vein is formed by the union of the

A

SMV and splenic vein

53
Q

Drains into splenic vein (60%) or juncture of splenic vein with SMV (40%)

A

IMV

54
Q

Blood entering the hepatic portal veins contains products of RBC breakdown from the spleen and absorbed nutrients from

A

Intestines

55
Q

Portal-systemic anastomoses, in which the portal venous system communicates with the systemic venous system, can be seen in the submucosa of the

A

Inferior esophagus, peri-umbilical region, and inferior anal canal

56
Q

Portal circulation through the liver can be impeded because of cirrhotic liver disease that causes

A

Portal hypertension

57
Q

The collateral circulation seen in portal hypertension is possible because the hepatic portal vein and its tributaries lack

A

Valves

58
Q

However, the excess blood volume in the collateral venous routes may lead to potentially fatal

A

Hemorrhage

59
Q

Presynaptic sympathetic fibers in the greater, lesser, least, lumbar splanchnic nerves synapse on postsynaptic sympathetic prevertebral ganglia associated with branches of the

A

Abdominal Aorta

60
Q

Postsynaptic sympathetic axons and presynaptic parasympathetic axons make up the

A

Periarterial plexuses

61
Q

Periarterial plexuses that travel along branches of the celiac trunk, SMA, IMA to provide autonomic innervation to smooth muscles and glands of the

A

Foregut (celiac), midgut (SMA)., and hindgut (IMA)

62
Q

The submucosal plexus of Meisser and myenteric plexus of Auerbach are located within the gut wall layers and receive stimulatory input from preganglionic parasympathetic axons to

A

Promote Digestion

63
Q

The submucosal plexus of Meisser and myenteric plexus of Auerbach are located within the gut wall layers and receive inhibitory input from postganglionic sympathetic axons to

A

Slow Digestion

64
Q

Thus, although the intrinsic, enteric nervous system can function independently, it is induced by the parasympathetic preganglionic fibers of the vagus and pelvic splanchnic nerves to increase

A

Smooth muscle peristalsis and glandular secretion for digestion

65
Q

Thus, although the intrinsic, enteric nervous system can function independently, it is inhibited by sympathetic postganglionic fibers whose cell bodies are located

A

Prevertebral ganglia

66
Q

Act in the digestive system to stimulate smooth muscle peristalsis and glandular secretion

A

Parasympathetics

67
Q

Act in the digestive system to inhibit digestion and induce vasoconstriction

A

Sympathetics

68
Q

Poorly localized pain

A

Visceral pain

69
Q

Visceral pain from foregut derivatives, for example, refers to the epigastric dermatomes because pain afferents accompany the sympathetic greater splanchnic nerve to reach

A

T5-T9 segments

70
Q

The MOUTH is the opening to the digestive tract and includes the

A

Lips, cheeks, teeth, gums/gingivae, tongue, and palate

71
Q

The dorsum (top surface) of the TONGUE has a

A

Sulcus terminalis and lingual papillae

72
Q

Separates the anterior body of the tongue from the posterior root

A

Sulcus terminalis

73
Q

Made up of filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate types, some of which have taste buds

A

Lingual papillae

74
Q

Sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is conveyed via

A
  1. ) CNVII for taste

2. ) CNV3 for general

75
Q

All sensation from the posterior 2/3 of the tongue is conveyed via

A

CNIX (w/ some taste from CNX also)

76
Q

Can be seen on the posterior tongue

A

Lingual tonsils

77
Q

Almost all tongue muscles are innervated by the

A

Hypoglossal nerve (CNXII)

78
Q

In adult humans, what is the make up of permanent teeth?

A

16 mandibular and 16 maxillary

79
Q

Twenty (20) deciduous teeth precede permanent teeth and are also called

A

Milk or baby teeth

80
Q

The hardest substance in the body (contains ~95% hydroxyapatite)

A

Enamel

81
Q

Tooth enamel forms by secretions from ectoderm-derived

A

Ameloblasts

82
Q

Deep to enamel, dentin forms from

A

Neural crest-derived odontoblasts

83
Q

Surrounds the soft mesenchyme-like tooth pulp that contains vessels and nerves

A

Dentin

84
Q

Surrounds the outer surface of the tooth root

A

Cementum

85
Q

Passes masticated food in the form of a bolus from the mouth and pharynx through the ESOPHAGUS to the stomach

A

Peristalsis

86
Q

The portion of the diaphragm that surrounds the esophagus forms the

A

Lower/inferior esophageal sphincter

87
Q

The collapsed lumen of the empty esophagus also prevents food or stomach juices from

A

Regurgitating

88
Q

Most of the esophagus is covered by an outer adventitial layer of connective tissue except for visceral peritoneum covering the

A

Abdominal esophagus

89
Q

The squamocolumnar juncture where the esophageal mucosa changes to gastric mucosa

A

Z-line

90
Q

Immediately superior to the Z-line

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

91
Q

If gastric acid reflux from the stomach to the esophagus occurs, abnormal metaplasia (change in epithelial type) may occur in the esophagus and result in

A

Chronic inflammation (reflux esophagitis), ulceration, or difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

92
Q

Weakening of the diaphragmatic musculature that forms the lower/inferior esophageal sphincter may be seen in middle age (incidence increases with age) and can lead to widening of the esophageal hiatus and even

A

Hiatal hernia

93
Q

In a hiatal hernia, a portion of the stomach moves through the esophageal hiatus into the

A

Posterior mediastinum of the thoracic cavity

94
Q

Over 95% of hiatal hernias are

A

Type 1 (sliding type) hernias

95
Q

The abdominal part of esophagus and the cardiac-fundus parts of the stomach slide through hiatus into thorax in a

A

Sliding type hernia

96
Q

Because of its course through the neck, thorax, and abdomen, multiple arteries supply the esophagus, including branches of the

A

External Carotid, subclavian, and thoracic-abdominal aorta

97
Q

Can occur as a result of portal hypertension

A

Submucosal esophageal varices

98
Q

Causes a reversal of blood flow in the valveless esophageal veins so that there is increased blood volume in the dilating submucosal esophageal veins and tributaries to the systemic venous circulation

A

Portal hypertension due to liver cirrhosis

99
Q

For larger meals, gastric rugae (mucosal-submucosal folds) distend and can expand to hold

A

2-3L of food

100
Q

The microscopic glands within the stomach mucosa are tubular in shape with branching at the deeper/lower ends. The branched ends are

A

Gastric glands

GI (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions