Trace Minerals II Flashcards
In the plasma, iron is oxidized to the ferric form by ceruloplasmin before binding to
Transferrin
Copper deficiency is rare, but it can occur in premature infants fed only on
-low if copper
Cow’s milk
Syndrome characterized by poor copper absorption
Menkes syndrome
Low levels of copper may also be seen in patients with nutritional disorders such as
Kwashiorkor, anemia, and celiac disease
Results in deficiency and connective tissue damage which can cause excessive bleeding
Copper deficiency
Storage of acidic beverages in containers made of copper may result in
Copper toxicity
Disease that results in increased copper deposits in the brain, kidney, cornea, and liver
Wilsons disease
In Wilson’s disease, the levels of blood copper are
Low
An abnormally high serum copper level can lead to copper deposition on the edges of the cornea. This sign is called the
Kayser-Fleischer ring
Present in 97% of patients with neurologic manifestations of Wilson’s disease
Kayser-Fleischer ring
May cause fading of Kayser-Fleischer ring and even disappearance over time
Copper chelation therapy
Soil in the western US, including colorado and south dakota have unusually high concentrations of
Selenium
Meanwhile, there is selenium deficiency in
Keshan China
Nuts, whole grains, seafood, and meats are generally rich in
Selenium
Encoded in a special way by a UGA codon, which is typically a stop codon
-biologically active form of selenium
Selenocysteine
The storage form of selenium
Selenomethionine
Has unregulated and efficient absorption
Selenium
Selenium levels are regulated primarily through
Urinary excretion
Plays a large role as a contributor to the antioxidant defense network to protect cells from the damaging effects of free radicals
Selenium
Selenium is an essential component of
Glutathione peroxidase, thioridexin reductase, and selenoprotein P
Also functions in thyroid metabolism in the conversion of T4 to T3
-required by the deiodinase
Selenium
A powerful antioxidant that cells use to prevent oxidative stress
Glutathione peroxidase system (GPx)
Particularly important to cell membranes and LDL
GPx
GPx breaks down peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide to water before they form
Free radicals
This breakdown in peroxides, in turn, spares people from the need for
Vitamin E (a major free radical scavenger)
Has been noted in people with Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) for maintanence as their only source of nutrition
Selenium deficiency
People with GI problems can have impairment of
Selenium absorption
Low selenium intake has been seen in children with
-since selenium is only absorbed in amino acid form
Kwashiorkor disease
Enlarged heart with poor cardiac function caused by selenium deficiency
Keshan disease
Has signs of GI upset, joint pain, hair loss, and garlic breath
-rare and usually only caused by things like industrial accidents
Selenium toxicity
Helps development of cavities and strengthens bones
Fluoride
Fluoride forms
-provides greater resistance to bacteria and acids in the mouth that can erode tooth enamel
Hydroxyfluorapatite crystals
Fluoride also inhibits glycolysis in bacteria by inhibiting
Enolase
Inhibiting enolase prevents the bacteria from getting the energy they need to
Survive
Fluoride in the blood contributes to fluoride in the saliva, which promotes the remineralization of
Enamel lesions
Discoloration of teeth and pitting of enamel due to chronic intake of excess fluoride during development
Mottling or fluorosis
A component of thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland which controls energy metabolism
Thyroxine
Saltwater, seafood, seaweed, and iodized salt are the best sources of
-also dairy due to cattle feed
Iodine
Iodine deficient soils are most common in
Inland regions, mountainous areas, and frequently flooded areas
Vegetables decreasing iodine absorption in the gut
Goitrogens
Goitrogens also reduce the function of the
Thyroid gland
Thyroid hormone production declines which leads to increased TSH secretion and goiter with
Iodine deficiency
When iodine deficiency is severe during fetal and infantile periods of brain development, the outcome is
Cretinism
Currently 40% of the world’s population is at risk for
Iodine deficiency
Excessive calcium intake or selenium deficiency can also cause
Iodine deficiency
Excessive iodine intake results in inhibition of
Thyroid hormone synthesis
Important for insulin secretion
Chromium
Part of vitamin B12
Cobalt
Cobalt deficiency gives rise to the same symptoms as
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
