Trace Minerals II

Question 1

In the plasma, iron is oxidized to the ferric form by ceruloplasmin before binding to

Answer 1

Transferrin

Question 2

Copper deficiency is rare, but it can occur in premature infants fed only on

-low if copper

Answer 2

Cow’s milk

Question 3

Syndrome characterized by poor copper absorption

Answer 3

Menkes syndrome

Question 4

Low levels of copper may also be seen in patients with nutritional disorders such as

Answer 4

Kwashiorkor, anemia, and celiac disease

Question 5

Results in deficiency and connective tissue damage which can cause excessive bleeding

Answer 5

Copper deficiency

Question 6

Storage of acidic beverages in containers made of copper may result in

Answer 6

Copper toxicity

Question 7

Disease that results in increased copper deposits in the brain, kidney, cornea, and liver

Answer 7

Wilsons disease

Question 8

In Wilson’s disease, the levels of blood copper are

Answer 8

Low

Question 9

An abnormally high serum copper level can lead to copper deposition on the edges of the cornea. This sign is called the

Answer 9

Kayser-Fleischer ring

Question 10

Present in 97% of patients with neurologic manifestations of Wilson’s disease

Answer 10

Kayser-Fleischer ring

Question 11

May cause fading of Kayser-Fleischer ring and even disappearance over time

Answer 11

Copper chelation therapy

Question 12

Soil in the western US, including colorado and south dakota have unusually high concentrations of

Answer 12

Selenium

Question 13

Meanwhile, there is selenium deficiency in

Answer 13

Keshan China

Question 14

Nuts, whole grains, seafood, and meats are generally rich in

Answer 14

Selenium

Question 15

Encoded in a special way by a UGA codon, which is typically a stop codon

-biologically active form of selenium

Answer 15

Selenocysteine

Question 16

The storage form of selenium

Answer 16

Selenomethionine

Question 17

Has unregulated and efficient absorption

Answer 17

Selenium

Question 18

Selenium levels are regulated primarily through

Answer 18

Urinary excretion

Question 19

Plays a large role as a contributor to the antioxidant defense network to protect cells from the damaging effects of free radicals

Answer 19

Selenium

Question 20

Selenium is an essential component of

Answer 20

Glutathione peroxidase, thioridexin reductase, and selenoprotein P

Question 21

Also functions in thyroid metabolism in the conversion of T4 to T3

-required by the deiodinase

Answer 21

Selenium

Question 22

A powerful antioxidant that cells use to prevent oxidative stress

Answer 22

Glutathione peroxidase system (GPx)

Question 23

Particularly important to cell membranes and LDL

Answer 23

GPx

Question 24

GPx breaks down peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide to water before they form

Answer 24

Free radicals

Question 25

This breakdown in peroxides, in turn, spares people from the need for

Answer 25

Vitamin E (a major free radical scavenger)

Question 26

Has been noted in people with Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) for maintanence as their only source of nutrition

Answer 26

Selenium deficiency

Question 27

People with GI problems can have impairment of

Answer 27

Selenium absorption

Question 28

Low selenium intake has been seen in children with

-since selenium is only absorbed in amino acid form

Answer 28

Kwashiorkor disease

Question 29

Enlarged heart with poor cardiac function caused by selenium deficiency

Answer 29

Keshan disease

Question 30

Has signs of GI upset, joint pain, hair loss, and garlic breath

-rare and usually only caused by things like industrial accidents

Answer 30

Selenium toxicity

Question 31

Helps development of cavities and strengthens bones

Answer 31

Fluoride

Question 32

Fluoride forms

-provides greater resistance to bacteria and acids in the mouth that can erode tooth enamel

Answer 32

Hydroxyfluorapatite crystals

Question 33

Fluoride also inhibits glycolysis in bacteria by inhibiting

Answer 33

Enolase

Question 34

Inhibiting enolase prevents the bacteria from getting the energy they need to

Answer 34

Survive

Question 35

Fluoride in the blood contributes to fluoride in the saliva, which promotes the remineralization of

Answer 35

Enamel lesions

Question 36

Discoloration of teeth and pitting of enamel due to chronic intake of excess fluoride during development

Answer 36

Mottling or fluorosis

Question 37

A component of thyroxine produced in the thyroid gland which controls energy metabolism

Answer 37

Thyroxine

Question 38

Saltwater, seafood, seaweed, and iodized salt are the best sources of

-also dairy due to cattle feed

Answer 38

Iodine

Question 39

Iodine deficient soils are most common in

Answer 39

Inland regions, mountainous areas, and frequently flooded areas

Question 40

Vegetables decreasing iodine absorption in the gut

Answer 40

Goitrogens

Question 41

Goitrogens also reduce the function of the

Answer 41

Thyroid gland

Question 42

Thyroid hormone production declines which leads to increased TSH secretion and goiter with

Answer 42

Iodine deficiency

Question 43

When iodine deficiency is severe during fetal and infantile periods of brain development, the outcome is

Answer 43

Cretinism

Question 44

Currently 40% of the world’s population is at risk for

Answer 44

Iodine deficiency

Question 45

Excessive calcium intake or selenium deficiency can also cause

Answer 45

Iodine deficiency

Question 46

Excessive iodine intake results in inhibition of

Answer 46

Thyroid hormone synthesis

Question 47

Important for insulin secretion

Answer 47

Chromium

Question 48

Part of vitamin B12

Answer 48

Cobalt

Question 49

Cobalt deficiency gives rise to the same symptoms as

Answer 49

Vitamin B12 Deficiency