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GI > Cells of the Alimentary Canal > Flashcards

Cells of the Alimentary Canal Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of the epithelium lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

A

Mucosa

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2
Q

The submucosa consists of

A

Connective tissue

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3
Q

Usually consists of 2 coats, an inner circular muscle coat and an outer longitudinal muscle coat

A

Muscularis externa

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4
Q

The serosa or adventitia covers the

A

Gut wall

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5
Q

Exhibits stratified squamous epithelium and a highly developed muscularis externa

A

Esophagus

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6
Q

Located at the posterior or posteriolateral aspect of the trachea

A

Esophagus

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7
Q

The outermost layer of the esophagus, the adventitia, is continuous with the adventitia of the trachea that holds both organs in place in the

A

Body wall

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8
Q

In the esophagus, glands are present in the

A

Lamina propria or sub mucosa

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9
Q

Esophageal glands near the stomach protect the esophagus from

A

Gastric contents

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10
Q

The upper esophagus has which type of muscle?

A

Striated

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11
Q

The lower esophagus has which type of muscle?

A

Smooth

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12
Q

The middle esophagus has which type of muscle?

A

Mixture of striated and smooth

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13
Q

Characterized by a mucosa with increased surface area due to gastric pits and gastric glands

A

Stomach

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14
Q

In addition, the stomach mucosa is thrown into transient folds called

A

Rugae

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15
Q

In the stomach, which cells produce granules that contain glycoproteins (mucins) that combine with water to form a protective and insoluble gel?

A

Surface mucous cells

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16
Q

Surface mucous cells also produce

-diffuse into the surface mucous gel

A

HCO3-

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17
Q

In the stomach, which cells produce a soluble mucous?

A

Neck mucous cells

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18
Q

In the stomach, which cells produce HCl, HCO3-, and intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

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19
Q

A glycoprotein that complexes with vitamin B12 in the stomach and duodenum

-Essential for B12 absorption in the ileum

A

Intrinsic factor

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20
Q

Important for red blood cell development

A

B12

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21
Q

Without B12, a person can develop

A

Pernicious anemia

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22
Q

To carry out the job of producing acid, the parietal cells exhibit dramatic

A

Plasticity

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23
Q

When the parietal cell is not activated, the plasma membrane is organized into

A

Intracellular tubules and vesicles

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24
Q

When the parietal cell is activated, these structures coalesce into an intracellular canaliculus, which is a huge surface through which

A

H+ and Cl- can move into the lumen

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25
Q

The parietal cell is stimulted by

A

ACh, Histamine, and Gastrin

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26
Q

Activation of one of these effectors potentiates the activity of the

A

Others

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27
Q

Responsible for the production of pepsinogen and gastric lipase

A

Chief cells

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28
Q

Chief cells are stimulated by

A

Neural stimulation and secretin

29
Q

Chief cells are typically protein producing cells and are characterized by having a prominent

A

Golgi and rER

30
Q

Produced as a proenzyme

A

Pepsin

31
Q

Increase blood flow and HCO3- secretion

A

Prostaglandins

32
Q

Under stressful conditions, the taking of aspirin and NSAIDS inhibit the protective effects of the

A

Prostaglandins

33
Q

Cells found in multiple locations in the GI tract, which influence gut function by coordinating the function of the different organs that make up the gut

A

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) cells

34
Q

The DNES produces hormones that are predominantly members of the

A

Cholecystokinin/gastrin family or secretin/glucagon family

35
Q

Secrete hormones into the extracellular matrix where they enter capillaries in the lamina propria

A

DNES

36
Q

A key feature of the stomach that helps distinguish it from other organs is that the stomach is made up of

A

3 layers of muscle

37
Q

The mucosa surface area of the small intestine is increased by

A

Villus projections and Crypt of Langerhans invaginations

38
Q

In addition, the submucosa of the small intestine is folded into permanent folds called

A

Plicae circularis

39
Q

The apical surface of the epithelial cells of the small intestine is also folded into

A

Microvilli

40
Q

Intestinal cell that is responsible for absorption of lipids, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, ions, and water

A

Enterocytre

41
Q

Produces transmembrane enzymes that are responsible for the terminal digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

A

Enterocyte

42
Q

Produce a protective layer of mucous in the small intestine to protect it from enzymatic digestion

A

Goblet cells

43
Q

Replace epithelial cells as they die in the small intestine

A

Stem cells

44
Q

Small intestine cells that produce lysozyme as well as TNF-a, defensins, and cryptidins

A

Paneth cells

45
Q

Anti-bacterial enzyme that controls the gut flora

-stored in granules and released into the gut lumen

A

Lysozyme

46
Q

Defensins and cryptidins have which type of effect?

A

Antimicrobial effect

47
Q

Protection of the intestine from antigens is also due to the presence of a well developed immune system referred to as

A

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)

48
Q

These immune cells are located throughout the gut and become more and more evident as you descend the small intestine and enter the

A

Large intestine

49
Q

Organized as diffuse lymphatic tissue, solitary nodules, or aggregated nodules

A

GALT immune cells

50
Q

In the lower parts of the intestine, these nodules are called

A

Peyer’s Patches

51
Q

Evident over nodules in follicle associated epithelium

A

M Cells

52
Q

Transport antigens to underlying immune cells

A

M cells

53
Q

This results in the activation of lymph cells that travel to the lymph nodes where they are stimulated to

A

Proliferate

54
Q

The lymphocytes can travel to the lamina propria and differentiate into plasma cells that produce

A

IgA and IgE

55
Q

Transcytosed across the epithelium to the lumen, where it decreases adherence of foreign material to the epithelium and neutralizes viruses and bacterially produced toxins

A

IgA

56
Q

Can also go into the liver where it is complexed to secretory component and released into bile

A

IgA

57
Q

Decreases adherence of foreign material epithelium, neutralizes viruses and bacterially produced toxins

A

IgA

58
Q

DNES cells are also found in the small intestine, particularly in the

A

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

59
Q

To carry out its function, much of the large intestine exhibits a simple columnar epithelium made up of

A

Absorptive cells, goblet cells, and stem cells

60
Q

The large intestine also contains

A

Immune cells and DNES cells

61
Q

Increases as we descend the large intestine

A

The number of lymphocytes and goblet cells

62
Q

In the anal canal, the simple columnar epithelium changes to become

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

63
Q

Surface area is increased in the large intestine by the presence of crypts in the mucosa and folds of submucosa called

A

Plicae semilunaris

64
Q

The external longitudinal muscle coat of the colon is modified to form

A

Teniae coli

65
Q

In the anal canal, the circular smooth muscle sphincter is the

A

Internal anal sphincter

66
Q

The enteric nervous system consists of the

A

Submucosal (Meissner’s) plexus and the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus

67
Q

Can sense chemicals and material in the lumen

A

Sensory fibers in the lamina propria

68
Q

These sensory fibers have cell bodies in the submucosa and they can signal the

A

Myenteric plexus as well as the muscularis mucosae glands

69
Q

Can stimulate contraction of the muscularis externa as well as send signals back to the submucosal neurons

A

Myenteric plexus neurons

GI (59 decks)

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