Cells of the Alimentary Canal

Question 1

Consists of the epithelium lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

Answer 1

Mucosa

Question 2

The submucosa consists of

Answer 2

Connective tissue

Question 3

Usually consists of 2 coats, an inner circular muscle coat and an outer longitudinal muscle coat

Answer 3

Muscularis externa

Question 4

The serosa or adventitia covers the

Answer 4

Gut wall

Question 5

Exhibits stratified squamous epithelium and a highly developed muscularis externa

Answer 5

Esophagus

Question 6

Located at the posterior or posteriolateral aspect of the trachea

Answer 6

Esophagus

Question 7

The outermost layer of the esophagus, the adventitia, is continuous with the adventitia of the trachea that holds both organs in place in the

Answer 7

Body wall

Question 8

In the esophagus, glands are present in the

Answer 8

Lamina propria or sub mucosa

Question 9

Esophageal glands near the stomach protect the esophagus from

Answer 9

Gastric contents

Question 10

The upper esophagus has which type of muscle?

Answer 10

Striated

Question 11

The lower esophagus has which type of muscle?

Answer 11

Smooth

Question 12

The middle esophagus has which type of muscle?

Answer 12

Mixture of striated and smooth

Question 13

Characterized by a mucosa with increased surface area due to gastric pits and gastric glands

Answer 13

Stomach

Question 14

In addition, the stomach mucosa is thrown into transient folds called

Answer 14

Rugae

Question 15

In the stomach, which cells produce granules that contain glycoproteins (mucins) that combine with water to form a protective and insoluble gel?

Answer 15

Surface mucous cells

Question 16

Surface mucous cells also produce

-diffuse into the surface mucous gel

Answer 16

HCO3-

Question 17

In the stomach, which cells produce a soluble mucous?

Answer 17

Neck mucous cells

Question 18

In the stomach, which cells produce HCl, HCO3-, and intrinsic factor?

Answer 18

Parietal cells

Question 19

A glycoprotein that complexes with vitamin B12 in the stomach and duodenum

-Essential for B12 absorption in the ileum

Answer 19

Intrinsic factor

Question 20

Important for red blood cell development

Answer 20

B12

Question 21

Without B12, a person can develop

Answer 21

Pernicious anemia

Question 22

To carry out the job of producing acid, the parietal cells exhibit dramatic

Answer 22

Plasticity

Question 23

When the parietal cell is not activated, the plasma membrane is organized into

Answer 23

Intracellular tubules and vesicles

Question 24

When the parietal cell is activated, these structures coalesce into an intracellular canaliculus, which is a huge surface through which

Answer 24

H+ and Cl- can move into the lumen

Question 25

The parietal cell is stimulted by

Answer 25

ACh, Histamine, and Gastrin

Question 26

Activation of one of these effectors potentiates the activity of the

Answer 26

Others

Question 27

Responsible for the production of pepsinogen and gastric lipase

Answer 27

Chief cells

Question 28

Chief cells are stimulated by

Answer 28

Neural stimulation and secretin

Question 29

Chief cells are typically protein producing cells and are characterized by having a prominent

Answer 29

Golgi and rER

Question 30

Produced as a proenzyme

Answer 30

Pepsin

Question 31

Increase blood flow and HCO3- secretion

Answer 31

Prostaglandins

Question 32

Under stressful conditions, the taking of aspirin and NSAIDS inhibit the protective effects of the

Answer 32

Prostaglandins

Question 33

Cells found in multiple locations in the GI tract, which influence gut function by coordinating the function of the different organs that make up the gut

Answer 33

Diffuse Neuroendocrine System (DNES) cells

Question 34

The DNES produces hormones that are predominantly members of the

Answer 34

Cholecystokinin/gastrin family or secretin/glucagon family

Question 35

Secrete hormones into the extracellular matrix where they enter capillaries in the lamina propria

Answer 35

DNES

Question 36

A key feature of the stomach that helps distinguish it from other organs is that the stomach is made up of

Answer 36

3 layers of muscle

Question 37

The mucosa surface area of the small intestine is increased by

Answer 37

Villus projections and Crypt of Langerhans invaginations

Question 38

In addition, the submucosa of the small intestine is folded into permanent folds called

Answer 38

Plicae circularis

Question 39

The apical surface of the epithelial cells of the small intestine is also folded into

Answer 39

Microvilli

Question 40

Intestinal cell that is responsible for absorption of lipids, sugars, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, ions, and water

Answer 40

Enterocytre

Question 41

Produces transmembrane enzymes that are responsible for the terminal digestion of proteins and carbohydrates

Answer 41

Enterocyte

Question 42

Produce a protective layer of mucous in the small intestine to protect it from enzymatic digestion

Answer 42

Goblet cells

Question 43

Replace epithelial cells as they die in the small intestine

Answer 43

Stem cells

Question 44

Small intestine cells that produce lysozyme as well as TNF-a, defensins, and cryptidins

Answer 44

Paneth cells

Question 45

Anti-bacterial enzyme that controls the gut flora -stored in granules and released into the gut lumen

Answer 45

Lysozyme

Question 46

Defensins and cryptidins have which type of effect?

Answer 46

Antimicrobial effect

Question 47

Protection of the intestine from antigens is also due to the presence of a well developed immune system referred to as

Answer 47

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)

Question 48

These immune cells are located throughout the gut and become more and more evident as you descend the small intestine and enter the

Answer 48

Large intestine

Question 49

Organized as diffuse lymphatic tissue, solitary nodules, or aggregated nodules

Answer 49

GALT immune cells

Question 50

In the lower parts of the intestine, these nodules are called

Answer 50

Peyer's Patches

Question 51

Evident over nodules in follicle associated epithelium

Answer 51

M Cells

Question 52

Transport antigens to underlying immune cells

Answer 52

M cells

Question 53

This results in the activation of lymph cells that travel to the lymph nodes where they are stimulated to

Answer 53

Proliferate

Question 54

The lymphocytes can travel to the lamina propria and differentiate into plasma cells that produce

Answer 54

IgA and IgE

Question 55

Transcytosed across the epithelium to the lumen, where it decreases adherence of foreign material to the epithelium and neutralizes viruses and bacterially produced toxins

Answer 55

IgA

Question 56

Can also go into the liver where it is complexed to secretory component and released into bile

Answer 56

IgA

Question 57

Decreases adherence of foreign material epithelium, neutralizes viruses and bacterially produced toxins

Answer 57

IgA

Question 58

DNES cells are also found in the small intestine, particularly in the

Answer 58

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

Question 59

To carry out its function, much of the large intestine exhibits a simple columnar epithelium made up of

Answer 59

Absorptive cells, goblet cells, and stem cells

Question 60

The large intestine also contains

Answer 60

Immune cells and DNES cells

Question 61

Increases as we descend the large intestine

Answer 61

The number of lymphocytes and goblet cells

Question 62

In the anal canal, the simple columnar epithelium changes to become

Answer 62

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 63

Surface area is increased in the large intestine by the presence of crypts in the mucosa and folds of submucosa called

Answer 63

Plicae semilunaris

Question 64

The external longitudinal muscle coat of the colon is modified to form

Answer 64

Teniae coli

Question 65

In the anal canal, the circular smooth muscle sphincter is the

Answer 65

Internal anal sphincter

Question 66

The enteric nervous system consists of the

Answer 66

Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus and the Myenteric (Auerbach's) Plexus

Question 67

Can sense chemicals and material in the lumen

Answer 67

Sensory fibers in the lamina propria

Question 68

These sensory fibers have cell bodies in the submucosa and they can signal the

Answer 68

Myenteric plexus as well as the muscularis mucosae glands

Question 69

Can stimulate contraction of the muscularis externa as well as send signals back to the submucosal neurons

Answer 69

Myenteric plexus neurons