Energy Disturbances due to Alcohol Consumption Flashcards
An alcohol used as an alternative car fuel and in paint strippers, duplicator fluid, and model airplane fuels
Methanol
What is moderate drinking for
- ) Women
- ) Men
- ) No more than 1 drink/day
2. ) No more than 2 drinks/day
Can lead to altered brain function which can lead to memory loss and even dimentia
Long term alcohol use
Long term alcohol use can lead to altered circulatory function and heart damage which can manifest as
Arrythmias, HBP, and Heart Disease
Alcohol consumption can promote the occurance of
Heart burn
Alcohol consumption increases the risk of
Esophageal cancer
Heavy alcohol consumption or binging can result in
Acute gastritis
Associated with peptic ulcer disease in the stomach and small intestine
Alcohol
Increases the transport and absorption of toxins across the intestinal wall which may predispose the liver and other organs to further damage
Alcohol
Small amounts of alcohol are absorbed in the
Mouth and esophagus
Alcohol absorption is slowed by
Food
There is no digestion required for
Alcohol absorption
What percentage of alcohol is excreted in
- ) Breath?
- ) Urine?
- ) 5%
2. ) 5%
90% of alcohol absorbed by the body is broken down by
Liver enzymes
What are 4 things that Alcohol abuse can lead to?
- ) Kwashiorkor
- ) Mineral deficiencies
- ) Fe deficiency/overload
- ) Vitamin deficiencies
With alcohol abuse, we can see decreased calcium absorption due to
Fat malabsorption
Alcohol abuse can lead to decreased intake and increased urinary excretion of
-also lost in vomiting and diarrhea
Magnesium
Alcohol abuse can lead to Fe deficiency which can cause
GI bleeding and Anemia
With alcohol abuse, we can also see increased absorption of iron from the GI tract, resulting in deposition in the
Liver
Iron overload from alcohol abuse can lead to
Oxidative damage
Can lead to complications such as fatty liver, alcohol hepatitis, cirrhosis, and an increased risk for hepatocellular carcinoma
Iron overload from Alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse interferes with the absorption of which water soluble vitamins?
Thiamine, Folate, and B12
Alcohol abuse results in increased excretion of
Vitamin B6
With alcohol abuse, we see an increased need for
-for alcohol metabolism
Niacin
Impairs functions of the liver and pancreas
-Also causes poor absorption of vitamins ADEK
Alcohol abuse
What are the three enzyme systems responsible for the metabolism of ethanol in the liver?
- ) Cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase
- ) Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS)
- ) Catalase in peroxisomes
The main mechanism of alcohol metabolsism, which occurs in the enterocytes to some extent, is via
Cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase
Small amounts of alcohol can be metabolized to acetaldehyde and eventually to acetyl CoA to enter the TCA cycle via
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Causes NADH accumulation
Alcohol metabolism
Results in the inhibition of PDC which results in the inhibition of the TCA cycle and lactic acidosis
NADH accumulation
Alcohol metabolism inhibits gluconeogenesis and glycolysis, which results in
Hypoglycemia
Alcohol metabolism results in increased acetyl CoA formation which accelerates FA synthesis and results in
Ketoacidosis
What are the three effects of alcohol metabolism?
- ) NADH accumulation
- ) Hypoglycemia
- ) Increased Acetyl CoA formation
During intense alcohol use, the urate reabsorption transport process via URAT1 is triggered by
Lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis
This promotes renal reabsorption of
Urate
A purine rich molecule which catabolizes to uric acid
Beer
What do you do if an alcoholic patient comes to the ER with hypoglycemia, confusion, and loss of mental activity and muscle coordination?
Give glucose before thiamine for Wernicke Encephalopathy
A woman who drinks during pregnancy runs the risk that her child will be born with
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Retarded growth that begins before birth and continues after birth
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
FAS is similar to PDH deficiency because these kids PDH is inhibited by
Increased NADH
Block the conversion of cytoplasmic malate to oxaloacetate, preventing gluconeogenesis
NADH levels
High NADH forces G-3-P Dehydrogenase to run backwards, thus inhibiting
Glycolysis
Conversion of lactate to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase is also inhibited by high
NADH
Consumption of large amounts of alcohol can result in
Hypoglycemia and mild lactic acidosis
Severe hypoglycemia can result in irreversible damage to the
-might be mistaken for simple intoxication in its early stages
CNS
Causes people to feel sick so they will not want to drink alcohol when it accumulates
Excess acetaldehyde
Alcohol is a peripheral vasodilator because of its metabolite
Acetaldehyde
Thus the vessels near the skin surface enlarge and you feel
Warmer
What two things help to protect from developing alcoholism?
High ADH and Low ALDH which leads to acetaldehyde accumulation
What two things genetically signify the propensity to developing alcoholism?
Low ADH and high ALDH, leading to the accumulation of acetate
The type of ADH and ALDH an individual carries influences how much he or she
Drinks
Which ALDH variant protects from alcoholism?
ALDH2*2
Inhibits ALDH, which causes a noxious reaction if alcohol is consumed
Disulfram
Used to treat chronic alcoholism
Disulfram
Causes unpleasant effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed
Disulfram
Its effects begin about 10 minutes after alcohol enters the body and lasts for 1 hour or more
Disulfram
A toxic byproduct of alcohol metabolism
Acetaldehyde
A fast ADH enzyme or a slow ALDH enzyme can cause toxic buildup of
Acetaldehyde
Large amounts of alcohol can overwhelm its typical metabolic route, so excess alcohol enters an overflow pathway called the
Microsomal Ethanol Oxidizing System (MEOS)
Enzyme of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system that is inducible with chronic alcohol consumption. Also metabolizes alcohol
CYP2E1
Which 4 things can CYP2E1 metabolize?
- ) Acetaldehyde
- ) Acetaminophen
- ) The antibiotic isoniazid
- ) The barbituate phenobarbital
In the absence of alcohol, CYP2E1 activity is
Low
CYP2E1 metabolizes tylenol to a toxic intermediate
-quickly detoxified and excreted
NAPQ1
In chronic heavy drinkers, CYP2E1 activity is enhanced. As a result, the metabolism of tylenol increases which increases the levels of
Toxic metabolites
-damages the liver