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Nutrition > Vitamin A > Flashcards

Vitamin A Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three active forms (retinoids)? Vitamin A

A

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

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2
Q

what are the four functions of the retinol form? Vitamin A

A

vision, sexual reproduction, bone health, immune function

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3
Q

what are the four functions of the retinal form? Vitamin A

A

vision, sexual reproduction, bone health, immune

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4
Q

what two forms can be converted back and forth to one another? Vitamin A

A

retinol and retinal

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5
Q

what are the three functions of the retinoic acid form? Vitamin A

A

cell differentiation, bone health, immune function

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6
Q

retinoic acid is formed from what? Vitamin A

A

retinal and its irreversible

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7
Q

which form is in foods? Vitamin A

A

retinol

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8
Q

which form is from plants (carotenoids)? Vitamin A

A

retinal

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9
Q

what are three other properties besides its function of retinoic acid? Vitamin A

A

 Excretion product
 Toxic
 Helps skin

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10
Q

which form is associated with carotenoids? Vitamin A

A

retinal

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11
Q

how many carotenoids are found in nature? Vitamin A

A

600

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12
Q

how many carotenoids have potential vitamin A activity? Vitamin A

A

50

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13
Q

the carotenoids without activity have what health benefits? Vitamin A

A

 i.e., Lycopene

 Antioxidant that protects against free radicals that initiate cancer

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14
Q

whats the efficiency of conversion of carotenoids? Vitamin A

A

40%

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15
Q

30% of carotenoids are what (what happens to them)? Vitamin A

A

absorbed intact as pigments and deposit in

fats

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16
Q

the excess amounts of carotenoids are what four things? Vitamin A

A

deep yellow color of palms, ear lobes & soles of feet: xanthosis cutis

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17
Q

what masks the carotenoids colors? Vitamin A

A

chlorophyll

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18
Q

what happens to green leaves that expose the carotenoids colors? Vitamin A

A

i.e., green leaves turn red, yellow in fall

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19
Q

what is its function in rats? Vitamin A

A

reproduction

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20
Q

vitamin A and vision deal with what? Vitamin A

A

Ability of eye to adapt to changes in light is dependent on Rhodopsin (visual purple)

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21
Q

what are the three details of Rhodopsin (visual purple)? Vitamin A

A

 Exposure to light bleaches it to form opsin + retinol

 Changes from cis (bent) to trans (linear) form  Stimulates electrical impulses to brain

22
Q

there is constant need for replenishing for what function? Vitamin A

A

vision

23
Q

what is Nyctalopia? Vitamin A

A

Night blindness: lack of vitamin A (retinol); Eye cannot readapt easily to darkness

24
Q

how much is in the eye? Vitamin A

A

1%

25
Q

what two parts of the skin does it deal with in skin integrity via cell differentiation? Vitamin A

A

 Mucous membranes of epithelial cells

 Epithelial tissues (eye, mouth, skin, GI, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract) have goblet cells that secrete mucus

26
Q

what do the Epithelial tissues that have goblet cells that secrete mucus do during a cold? Vitamin A

A

flow increases to wash away virus

27
Q

what is the enzyme used in the Epithelial tissues that have goblet cells that secrete mucus during a cold and what does that enzyme do? Vitamin A

A

lysozymes: degrades foreign

bacteria

28
Q

what happens to the function of skin integrity via cell differentiation in the cells when there is a deficiency? Vitamin A

A

cells keratinize  Harden, dry, flake off

29
Q

what happens to the function of skin integrity via cell differentiation in the eyes when there is a deficiency? Vitamin A

A

cornea dries & hardens Xeropthalmia

30
Q

what happens to the function of skin integrity via cell differentiation in the salivary glands when there is a deficiency? Vitamin A

A

dry, mouth cracks

31
Q

what happens to the function of skin integrity via cell differentiation in the respiratory tract when there is a deficiency? Vitamin A

A

cilia dries & lost

 Open to invading organisms

32
Q

what happens to the function of skin integrity via cell differentiation in the skin when there is a deficiency? Vitamin A

A

hardened eruption around hair follicles

toad skin

33
Q

what happens in the functions of growth (& Reproduction in Rats)? Vitamin A

A

Attaches to binding proteins in cell nucleus to stimulate

differentiation of cells

34
Q

what happens with its function of growth (& Reproduction in Rats) when there is a deficiency in the skeletal bone? Vitamin A

A

destroys old bone for remodeling

 Bone overgrowth

35
Q

what happens with its function of growth (& Reproduction in Rats) when there is a deficiency in the teeth? Vitamin A

A

Malformation

36
Q

what happens with its function of growth (& Reproduction in Rats) when there is a deficiency in the reproduction (rats)? Vitamin A

A

 Male:No spermatogenesis  Female: Fetal resorption

37
Q

what happens with its function in immunity? Vitamin A

A

Helps fight infection by maintaining healthy epithelial cells & mucous
proteins in intestines & lungs

38
Q

what are the three things that happen to the immunity function with a deficiency? Vitamin A

A

 Decreased activity of white blood cells (T-
lymphoctyes)
 Increased risk of dying from measles in children  Increased cancers of epithelial cells

39
Q

what does lycopene reduce the risk of? Vitamin A

A

Reduced risk prostrate cancer

40
Q

who got toxicity by eating what type of liver? Vitamin A

A

Explorers ate polar bear liver

41
Q

what are the five toxicity symptoms? Vitamin A

A 
  Drying, desquamation of skin
  Bone abnormalities
  Hemorrhage
  Liver Failure
  Death
42
Q

what happens with the toxicity symptom of Drying, desquamation of skin? Vitamin A

A

Hair loss / skin rash

43
Q

what happens with the toxicity symptom of Bone abnormalities? Vitamin A

A

Headaches, bone & joint pain

44
Q

what are the two things that happen with toxicity in pregnancy? Vitamin A

A

Accutane –> Dries skin; Birth Defects

45
Q

when are the effects of toxicity in pregnancy seen? Vitamin A

A

3 X RDA

46
Q

whats the RDA? Vitamin A

A

 Men: 900 μg RAE  Women: 700 μg RAE

47
Q

whats the Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)? Vitamin A

A

1 μg of retinol =1 μg RAE

48
Q

1 μg RAE equals how much beta carotene? Vitamin A

A

12 μg

49
Q

1 μg RAE equals how much alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin? Vitamin A

A

24 μg

50
Q

what are the scientific names of the food sources? Vitamin A

A

Preformed Retinol; Proform: Carotenoids

51
Q

what are the four main foods sources? Vitamin A

A

beef liver, sweet potatoes, carrots, fortified cornflakes

Nutrition (32 decks)

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