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MCAT > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What do viruses need to survive?

A

A host

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2
Q

What kind of nucleic acid can a virus have?

A

DNA or RNA

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3
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

virus that infects bacteria

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4
Q

What are viruses that do not have envelopes called?

A

Naked viruses

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5
Q

What kind of organisms do phages infect?

A

Hosts with cell walls

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6
Q

What is an early gene?

A

Expressed immediately after infection and includes any special enzymes required to express viral genes

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7
Q

What about a virus determines the specificity of the host it can infect?

A

the surface of the virus

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8
Q

How is a virus taken into a cell?

A

Receptor Mediated endocytosis or fusion

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9
Q

Why might antibodies have a hard time accessing a viral capsid?

A

due to the envelope as it contains host membrane components

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10
Q

What is the outcome of the lytic cycle?

A

The cell lyses

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11
Q

The early gene in the lytic cycle produces which enzyme?

A

hydrolase

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12
Q

Which enzyme is transcribed from the lytic cycle late?

A

lysozyme

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13
Q

What is the phage genome incorporated into the bacterial genome known as in lysogenic cycle?

A

prophage

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14
Q

What is the host called during the lysogenic cycle?

A

lysogen

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15
Q

What makes the prophage silent?

A

phage encoded repressors that bind to phage promoters

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16
Q

What is the outcome of the lysogenic cycle?

A

prophage activates and excises itself from the host genome. Then enters the lytic cycle

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17
Q

What is an advantage to the lytic cycle?

A

useful for rapidly increasing numbers but host cells are destroyed

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18
Q

What is a consequence of the lysogenic cycle?

A

By excising, it may take part of the host genome with it

19
Q

What is transduction?

A

process of host genome being packaged with viral genome and can spread to new host. There will be a presence of new DNA

20
Q

Are animal viruses phages?

A

no

21
Q

how do animal virus enter animal cells?

A

endocytosis

22
Q

What is the productive cycle of animal viruses?

A

enveloped virus exits host by budding through but does not destroy cell. The envelope becomes coated with membrane

23
Q

What is a prophage called in animal cells?

A

Provirus

24
Q

Is there a lysogenic cycle in animal cells?

A

Yes

25
Q

Do positive RNA viruses need to encode RNA dependent RNA Pol?

A

yes

26
Q

What kind of RNA genome does positive RNA viruses have?

A

single stranded RNA genome

27
Q

When does translation occur for positive RNA viruses?

A

upon entrance into cell and acts directly as mRNA. The genome is effective

28
Q

Negative RNA viruses must carry what polymerase?

A

RNA dependent RNA Pol and encode it

29
Q

What is negative RNA a template for?

A

negative mRNA [roduction

30
Q

If host ribosomes translate negative RNA what happens?

A

useless polypeptides are made

31
Q

Where is the RNA dependent RNA Pol carried in the virus?

A

The capsid

32
Q

What results from using negative RNA strand for template of RNA dependent RNA Pol?

A

Positive RNA strand

33
Q

Retroviruses encode what enzyme?

A

Reverse transcriptase

34
Q

What kind of RNA viruses are retroviruses?

A

Positive RNA viruses that undergo lysogeny.

35
Q

What does Reverse transcriptase use?

A

Use RNA to make DNA

36
Q

What are the three retroviral genes?

A

gag, pol, env

37
Q

What does the gene gag encode?

A

capsid proteins

38
Q

What does the gene pol encode?

A

Reverse transcriptase

39
Q

What does the gene env encode?

A

viral envelope proteins

40
Q

What are subviral particles?

A

infectious agents smaller and more simple than a virus

41
Q

What are prions?

A

Subviral self replicating proteins that are shape based. It is a misfolded version of a protein that all ready exists

42
Q

What makes prions hard to destroy?

A

Misfolded proteins are resistant to degradation by chemicals or heat

43
Q

What makes prion diagnosis difficult?

A

long incubation periods

44
Q

What are viroids?

A

short piece of circular single stranded RNA with excessive self complementarity that does not code for proteins

MCAT (46 decks)

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