Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT > Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Prokaryotes Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the three points of cell theory?

A

all organisms are composed of one of more cells, cells are the monomer for any organism, new cells arise from pre-existing living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What the the three types of prokaryotes?

A

Bactera, Archea, cyanobacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Does prokaryotic DNA have histones?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Does transcription and translation happen at the same time in prokaryotes?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What feature allows transcription and translation to happen at the same time?

A

Polyribosome actvity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

circular piece of double stranded DNA smaller than bacterial ribosome. It is considered extrachromosomal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Ability for plasmid to orchestrate bacterial exchange of information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does the prokaryote membrane prevent lysis?

A

By continually pumping ions across cell membrane increasing osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the cell wall of prokaryotes made out of?

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

Makes up bacterial wall membrane. Has chains made of sugars and amino acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When lysozyme destroys peptidoglycan, what results?

A

protoplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is gram positive bacteria?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer outside cell membrane and no other layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is gram negative bacteria?

A

thin peptidoglycan but additional layer with lipopolysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the periplasmic space?

A

space between cell membrane and outer layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which has greater resistance to antibiotics, gram-negative or gram positive?

A

gram negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

In gram-negative bacteria, it is a normal component of outer cell membrane that is not poisonous but causes the immune system to have extreme reaction that can kill us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is septic shock?

A

when aqueous portion of blood leaks into tissues causing a drop in blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

toxic substances secreted by gram negative and gram positive into medium. It helps bacteria compete for resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is glycocalyx?

A

a substance that surrounds bacteria. It makes bacteria hard to eliminate and enables bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as the respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a monotrichous flagella?

A

flagella at one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a amphitrichous flagella?

A

Flagella at both ends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is peritrichous flagella?

A

Multiple flagella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the three parts of the flagella?

A

filament, hook, and basal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the basal structure in flagella?

A

has rings that anchor the flagella to membrane in gram negative bacteria. It rotates rod and rest of flagella clockwise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What energizes the rotation of flagella?

A

ATP supplied by diffusion of H+ gradient by electron transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

process of bacterial motion directed toward attractants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What receptors influence flagellar rotation?

A

chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are pili?

A

projections on bacterial surface involved in attaching to diff surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is function of sex pilus?

A

facilitates formation of conjugation bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A F+ denotes what about the sex pilus?

A

It is male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

A F- denotes what about the sex pilus?

A

It is female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do autotrophs use for nutrition?

A

CO2

33
Q

What do heterotrophs use for nutrition?

A

Organic nutrients

34
Q

What do chemotrophs use for nutrition?

A

energy from chemicals

35
Q

what do phototrophs use for nutrition?

A

energy from light

36
Q

What are the four types of bacteria?

A

chemoautotrophs, chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and photoheterotrophs

37
Q

What do chemoheterotrophs use for nutrition?

A

organic molecules made by other organisms

38
Q

what do photoautotrophs use for nutrition?

A

use CO2 as carbon source and obtain energy from the sun

39
Q

What do photoheterotrophs use for nutrition?

A

get energy from sun but require an organic molecule made by another organism as carbon source

40
Q

What do chemoautotrophs use for nutrition?

A

build macromolecules from CO2 using chemicals. They oxidize inorganic molecules

41
Q

What is an auxotroph?

A

bacteria that cannot survive on minimal medium because it can’t synthesize a molecule it needs to live. It requires an auxiliary trophic substance to live.

42
Q

What is an auxiliary trophic substance caused by?

A

from a mutation in a gene coding for an enzyme in a synthetic pathway

43
Q

what are obligate aerobes?

A

bacteria that require oxygen

44
Q

What are anaerobes?

A

bacteria that do not require Oxygen

45
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Use oxygen when it is around but does not need it

46
Q

What are tolerant anaerobes?

A

can grow in presence or absence of oxygen but do not use it in metabolism

47
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

poisoned by oxygen because it lacks enzymes for detoxification of radicals. They often infect wounds

48
Q

What enzymes do obligate anaerobes lack?

A

dismutase and catalase

49
Q

What is distinctive about anaerobic respiration?

A

It uses an external electron acceptor other than oxygen

50
Q

Do prokaryotes undergo mitosis?

A

No

51
Q

What is the lag phase in bacterial growth?

A

Prior to exponential growth, cell division does not occur even if growth conditions are ideal. dNTPs are being made

52
Q

What are the three phases to bacterial growth?

A

lag phase , exponential phase, stationary phase

53
Q

What happens in stationary phase?

A

Bacteria ceases to divide due to lack of nutrients

54
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

max population of bacteria at stationary phase

55
Q

What is endospore formation?

A

Formed under unfavorable conditions. Still metabolically active. Only one spore per cell

56
Q

What is germination?

A

metabolic reactivation of endospore

57
Q

What are the three mechanisms of genetic exchange between bacteria?

A

transduction, transformation, and conjugation

58
Q

What is transduction?

A

lysogenic cycle. Employs use of lysogenic phage

59
Q

What is transformation?

A

pure DNA added and bacteria internalizes it

60
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Bacteria makes physical contact and forms a bridge. F+ reaches out to F- to become F+

61
Q

What is the frequency of recombination with F+ cells?

A

High frequency recombination

62
Q

What is conjugation mapping?

A

Analyze the recipient of cells in conjugation to see what was transferred

63
Q

If a parasitic bacteria is obligate where is it located on the cell?

A

Only inside the cell

64
Q

If a parasitic bacteria is facultive where is it located on cell?

A

Inside or outside cell

65
Q

If a bacteria is symbiotic, what does this mean?

A

It coexists with the host and derives a benefit

66
Q

What is chitin of fungi?

A

rigid cell wall different from plant and bacterial cell wall but found in exoskeleton of insects

67
Q

What kind of trophs are fungi?

A

chemoheterotrophs

68
Q

What kind of fungi feed off of dead plants and animals?

A

Saprophytes

69
Q

What kind of fungi feed off living organisms?

A

Parasites

70
Q

What kind of fungi have a symbiotic relationship where both organisms profit?

A

Mutualists

71
Q

What is the method of nutrition in fungi?

A

absorptive

72
Q

What is a hypha in multicellular fungi?

A

long filament of cells joined end to end

73
Q

What is septate hyphae?

A

cells separated by walls called septae

74
Q

What are aseptate hyphae?

A

cells joined together in a long tube, in which cytoplasmic contents and nuclei are shared among cells making hypha

75
Q

Are Fungi multinucleate?

A

Yes

76
Q

What are haustoria?

A

hyphae that are specialized to digest and absorb nutrients in parasitic fashion

77
Q

What is a myecelium?

A

meshwork of hyphae

78
Q

What is a thallus and its components?

A

large fungal structure. It has a vegetative portion and fruiting body

79
Q

What is the function of the fruiting body in thallus?

A

functions in reproduction making spores

MCAT (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions