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MCAT > Urinary and Digestive System > Flashcards

Urinary and Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the descending limb of loop of henle not permeable to?

A

Ions. Only permeable to water

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2
Q

What is ascending limb of loop of henle permeable to?

A

Ions. Not permeable to water

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3
Q

When is the collecting duct permeable to H2O?

A

When ADH is present

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4
Q

What is the function of the vasa recta?

A

maintains high sodium concentration in medulla of kidney by continually returning water to the blood stream

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5
Q

What kind of receptors are JG cells?

A

baroreceptors

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6
Q

What enzyme do JG cells secrete?

A

Renin

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7
Q

What is the function of Renin?

A

Activate Angiontensinogen to Angiotensin I

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8
Q

What converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

A

ACE

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9
Q

Why would a JG cell secrete Renin?

A

To increase blood pressure

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10
Q

What does Angiotensin II cause release of?

A

ADH

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11
Q

What receptors do macula densa have?

A

Chemoreceptors

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12
Q

When filtrate osmolarity is low, what do macula densa tell JG cells?

A

To secrete Renin and dilate afferent arterioles

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13
Q

What hormone in the urinary system increases vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure?

A

Angiotensin II

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14
Q

When plasma pH is to high, what is in the urine?

A

bicarbonate

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15
Q

When plasma pH is low, what is in the urine?

A

Protons

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16
Q

Function of pancreatic lipase

A

turn triglyceride into fatty acids and monoglycerides

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17
Q

what turns polysaccharides into disaccharides in the mouth?

A

Ptyalin

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18
Q

What turns polysaccharides into disaccharides in the small intestine?

A

Pancreatic amylase

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19
Q

What turns disaccharides into monosaccharides in the intestine?

A

brush border disaccharidases

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20
Q

what turns polypeptides into dipeptides and tripeptides in the stomach?

A

Gastric acid, Pepsin

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21
Q

What turns polypeptides into dipeptides and tripeptides in the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic Proteases

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22
Q

What turns dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids in intestine?

A

brush border peptidases

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23
Q

In peristalsis what prevents bolus from flowing backwards?

A

circular muscles

24
Q

In peristalsis what pushes bolus forward?

A

longitudinal muscles

25
Q

What are the two network of neurons in the enteric nervous system?

A

Myenreric plexus and submuscosal plexus

26
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

Gut motility. Coordination of circular and longitudinal muscles

27
Q

What is function of submucosal plexus?

A

Regulates enzyme secretion, gut blood flow, and ion-water balance in lumen

28
Q

What do gastric glands secrete?

A

Gastric acid and Pepsinogen

29
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

30
Q

What is difference between endocrine and exocrine secretion?

A

Endocrine don’t have ducts and enter blood stream they are hormones. Exocrine secrete into ducts these are enzymes.

31
Q

What cells in the pancreas are exocrine?

A

Pancreatic acinar cells

32
Q

What cells in pancreas are endocrine?

A

Islets of Langerhaans. They are supplied with capillaries

33
Q

What does parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl in stomach

34
Q

What is the function of HCl in the stomach?

A

Destroy microorganisms, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of dietary proteins, convert pepsinogen to pepsin

35
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells

36
Q

What does pepsin do?

A

Proteolysis

37
Q

What is chyme?

A

Food mixed with gastric secretions

38
Q

What is function of pyloric sphincter?

A

prevents passage of food from stomach to duodenum

39
Q

What hormone regulates the passage of food from stomach to the duodenum?

40
Q

What do G cell secrete?

41
Q

What does gastrin stimulate?

A

acid and pepsin secretion. Gastric motility

42
Q

What stimulates G cells to release gastrin?

A

food in stomach and parasympathetic nervous system

43
Q

What does histamine do in digestive system?

A

Binds to parietal cells to stimulate acid release

44
Q

When is histamine secreted?

A

In response to stomach stretching and gastrin

45
Q

Where does absorption begin?

46
Q

What is function of the intestinal villus in small intestine?

A

capillaries absorb nutrients, lacteals transport dietary fats, contains Peyer patches which monitor GI for infection

47
Q

What is function of bile?

A

Vehicle for disposal of waste and essential for digestion of fats

48
Q

What duodenal enzyme activates trypsinogen?

A

enterokinase

49
Q

What duodenal enzymes hydrolyze smallest carbohydrates and proteins?

A

brush border enzymes

50
Q

What are the duodenal hormones?

A

CCK, Secretin, enterogastrone

51
Q

When is CCK secreted?

A

When there is fat in the duodenum

52
Q

What does CCK do?

A

causes pancrease to secrete more enzymes, bile release from gall bladder, and decrease gastric motility. Prevent stomach emptying

53
Q

When is secretin secreted?

A

When there is acid in duodenum

54
Q

What does secretin do?

A

Makes pancrease release bicarbonate to neutralize HCl

55
Q

Duodenal pH must be what for max enzyme function?

56
Q

What does enterogastrone do?

A

decrease stomach emptying

57
Q

What is function for colonic bacteria?

A

immunity and supply vitamin K

MCAT (46 decks)

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