Urinary and Digestive System

Question 1

What is the descending limb of loop of henle not permeable to?

Answer 1

Ions. Only permeable to water

Question 2

What is ascending limb of loop of henle permeable to?

Answer 2

Ions. Not permeable to water

Question 3

When is the collecting duct permeable to H2O?

Answer 3

When ADH is present

Question 4

What is the function of the vasa recta?

Answer 4

maintains high sodium concentration in medulla of kidney by continually returning water to the blood stream

Question 5

What kind of receptors are JG cells?

Answer 5

baroreceptors

Question 6

What enzyme do JG cells secrete?

Answer 6

Renin

Question 7

What is the function of Renin?

Answer 7

Activate Angiontensinogen to Angiotensin I

Question 8

What converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II?

Answer 8

ACE

Question 9

Why would a JG cell secrete Renin?

Answer 9

To increase blood pressure

Question 10

What does Angiotensin II cause release of?

Answer 10

ADH

Question 11

What receptors do macula densa have?

Answer 11

Chemoreceptors

Question 12

When filtrate osmolarity is low, what do macula densa tell JG cells?

Answer 12

To secrete Renin and dilate afferent arterioles

Question 13

What hormone in the urinary system increases vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure?

Answer 13

Angiotensin II

Question 14

When plasma pH is to high, what is in the urine?

Answer 14

bicarbonate

Question 15

When plasma pH is low, what is in the urine?

Answer 15

Protons

Question 16

Function of pancreatic lipase

Answer 16

turn triglyceride into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Question 17

what turns polysaccharides into disaccharides in the mouth?

Answer 17

Ptyalin

Question 18

What turns polysaccharides into disaccharides in the small intestine?

Answer 18

Pancreatic amylase

Question 19

What turns disaccharides into monosaccharides in the intestine?

Answer 19

brush border disaccharidases

Question 20

what turns polypeptides into dipeptides and tripeptides in the stomach?

Answer 20

Gastric acid, Pepsin

Question 21

What turns polypeptides into dipeptides and tripeptides in the duodenum?

Answer 21

Pancreatic Proteases

Question 22

What turns dipeptides and tripeptides into single amino acids in intestine?

Answer 22

brush border peptidases

Question 23

In peristalsis what prevents bolus from flowing backwards?

Answer 23

circular muscles

Question 24

In peristalsis what pushes bolus forward?

Answer 24

longitudinal muscles

Question 25

What are the two network of neurons in the enteric nervous system?

Answer 25

Myenreric plexus and submuscosal plexus

Question 26

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

Answer 26

Gut motility. Coordination of circular and longitudinal muscles

Question 27

What is function of submucosal plexus?

Answer 27

Regulates enzyme secretion, gut blood flow, and ion-water balance in lumen

Question 28

What do gastric glands secrete?

Answer 28

Gastric acid and Pepsinogen

Question 29

What do goblet cells secrete?

Answer 29

mucous

Question 30

What is difference between endocrine and exocrine secretion?

Answer 30

Endocrine don't have ducts and enter blood stream they are hormones. Exocrine secrete into ducts these are enzymes.

Question 31

What cells in the pancreas are exocrine?

Answer 31

Pancreatic acinar cells

Question 32

What cells in pancreas are endocrine?

Answer 32

Islets of Langerhaans. They are supplied with capillaries

Question 33

What does parietal cells secrete?

Answer 33

HCl in stomach

Question 34

What is the function of HCl in the stomach?

Answer 34

Destroy microorganisms, acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of dietary proteins, convert pepsinogen to pepsin

Question 35

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

Answer 35

Chief cells

Question 36

What does pepsin do?

Answer 36

Proteolysis

Question 37

What is chyme?

Answer 37

Food mixed with gastric secretions

Question 38

What is function of pyloric sphincter?

Answer 38

prevents passage of food from stomach to duodenum

Question 39

What hormone regulates the passage of food from stomach to the duodenum?

Answer 39

CCK

Question 40

What do G cell secrete?

Answer 40

Gastrin

Question 41

What does gastrin stimulate?

Answer 41

acid and pepsin secretion. Gastric motility

Question 42

What stimulates G cells to release gastrin?

Answer 42

food in stomach and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 43

What does histamine do in digestive system?

Answer 43

Binds to parietal cells to stimulate acid release

Question 44

When is histamine secreted?

Answer 44

In response to stomach stretching and gastrin

Question 45

Where does absorption begin?

Answer 45

duodenum

Question 46

What is function of the intestinal villus in small intestine?

Answer 46

capillaries absorb nutrients, lacteals transport dietary fats, contains Peyer patches which monitor GI for infection

Question 47

What is function of bile?

Answer 47

Vehicle for disposal of waste and essential for digestion of fats

Question 48

What duodenal enzyme activates trypsinogen?

Answer 48

enterokinase

Question 49

What duodenal enzymes hydrolyze smallest carbohydrates and proteins?

Answer 49

brush border enzymes

Question 50

What are the duodenal hormones?

Answer 50

CCK, Secretin, enterogastrone

Question 51

When is CCK secreted?

Answer 51

When there is fat in the duodenum

Question 52

What does CCK do?

Answer 52

causes pancrease to secrete more enzymes, bile release from gall bladder, and decrease gastric motility. Prevent stomach emptying

Question 53

When is secretin secreted?

Answer 53

When there is acid in duodenum

Question 54

What does secretin do?

Answer 54

Makes pancrease release bicarbonate to neutralize HCl

Question 55

Duodenal pH must be what for max enzyme function?

Answer 55

Neutral

Question 56

What does enterogastrone do?

Answer 56

decrease stomach emptying

Question 57

What is function for colonic bacteria?

Answer 57

immunity and supply vitamin K