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MCAT > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is perfusion?

A

flow of blood through tissue

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2
Q

What is Ischemia?

A

inadequate blood flow. Waste builds up

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3
Q

what is Hypoxia?

A

reduced supply of oxygen in the blood

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4
Q

Does exchange happen in arterioles?

A

No

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5
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels by proliferation of epithelial cells

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6
Q

What prevents backflow of blood?

A

Venous Valves

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7
Q

What happens during diastole?

A

ventricles relax, blood flows in from atria. Atria contract

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8
Q

What happens during systole?

A

ventricles contract, AV valves shut

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9
Q

Which is longer Diastole or Systole?

A

Diastole

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10
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

amount of blood pumped with each systole

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11
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

total amount of blood pumped per minute

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12
Q

What does cardiac output equal?

A

stroke volume x heart rate

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13
Q

Is the cardiac output the same in the left and right ventricles?

A

Yes. So backup does not occur

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14
Q

What are ways to increase cardiac output?

A

increase venous return and arterioles dilating

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15
Q

What are fast sodium channels?

A

Open first in response to depolarization to allow sodium to enter

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16
Q

What are slow calcium channels?

A

Open in response to threshold voltage and allow calcium down its gradient. Stay open longer creating plateau phase

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17
Q

What feature maximizes calcium entry into cardiac muscle cells once an action potential arrives?

A

T-Tubules

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18
Q

In the heart what releases calcium?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

19
Q

Which have longer refractory periods neurons or cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac muscle

20
Q

What are the three phases of the SA node?

A

Phase 0, Phase 3, Phase 4

21
Q

Why does the SA node have unstable resting potential?

A

Due to phase 4 and sodium leak channels allowing sodium in to push for threshold

22
Q

What happens at phase 0?

A

VG Calcium channels open

23
Q

What happens at phase 3?

A

Repolarization. Closure of Calcium channels and opening of potassium channels.

24
Q

Which node sets the rate of heart contraction?

A

SA node

25
Q

What happens during phase 1?

A

Sodium channels inactivate, Potassium Channels open, Potassium efflux

26
Q

What happens during phase 2?

A

Plateau. Calcium channels open, Calcium influx, Potassium efflux

27
Q

What is the driving force in blood flow?

A

Difference in pressure from arteries to veins

28
Q

What does Ohm’s Law tell about blood flow?

A

In order to change blood flow, you must change pressure or resistance

29
Q

How can pressure be varied?

A

Changing force or rate of contraction

30
Q

What is the determinant of resistance in vessels?

A

Precapillary sphincters

31
Q

What causes an increase in resistance?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle by sympathetic nervous system. Vasoconstriction

32
Q

What hormone provides basal level of pressure?

A

Norepinephrine

33
Q

What are platelets?

A

Form plug to fix damage to blood cells

34
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

body’s mechanism of preventing bleeding

35
Q

What is fibrin?

A

protein forming mesh that holds platelet plug together

36
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

converted into fibrin by thrombin when bleeding occurs

37
Q

When is oxygen not favored by hemoglobin?

A

decreased pH, increased PCO2, increased temperature

38
Q

What is the site of exchange between blood and tissues?

A

capillaries

39
Q

What causes water to flow out of capillaries?

A

Hydrostatic Gauge Pressure and differences in osmolarity

40
Q

What substance freely passes through capillaries?

A

Salts

41
Q

What cells are able to squeeze through capillaries?

A

Macrophages and neutrophils

42
Q

What gives plasma high osmolarity?

A

Albumin

43
Q

What is oncotic pressure?

A

Osmotic Pressure provided by plasma protein

44
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure the lowest?

A

Near the end of a capillary

MCAT (46 decks)

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