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Neuroanatomy > Ventricles & CSF > Flashcards

Ventricles & CSF Flashcards

1
Q

what is a ventricle of the brain

A

internal cavity of the brain filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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2
Q

what is CSF

A

a protein rich fluid essential for brain function

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3
Q

what part of the neural tube do the lateral ventricles develop from

A

prosencephalon

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4
Q

where are the lateral ventricles found

A

near the cerebral hemispheres

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5
Q

what part of the neural tube does the third ventricle develop from

A

diencephalon

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6
Q

where is the third ventricle found

A

near the thalamus and hypothalamus

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7
Q

what part of the neural tube does the fourth ventricle develop from

A

hindbrain

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8
Q

where is the fourth ventricle found

A

near the pons, medulla obongata and cerebellum

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9
Q

three parts of the brain developmentally

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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10
Q

what foes the forebrain consist of

A

cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus

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11
Q

what developmental parts of the brain is the brainstem made up of

A

midbrain and hindbrain

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12
Q

what does the hindbrain consist of

A

pons, medulla oblongata and the cerebellum

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13
Q

four primary divisions of the neural tube

A
  • prosencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • rhombencephalon
  • spinal cord
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14
Q

two subdivisions of the prosencephalon

A

telencephalon and deincephalon

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15
Q

what is the telencephalon a subdivision of

A

prosencephalon

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16
Q

what is the diencephalon a subdivision of

A

prosencephalon

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17
Q

what are the main constituent parts of the telencephalon

A
  • olfactory lobes
  • cerebral hemispheres
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18
Q

what cavities does the telencephalon contain

A
  • lateral ventricles
  • rostral portion of 3rd ventricle
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19
Q

main constituent parts of the diencephalon

A
  • epithalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • infundibulum
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20
Q

what cavities are contained by the diencephalon

A

most of the 3rd ventricle

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21
Q

main constituent parts of the mesencephalon

A

colliculi/corpora quadrigemini
cerebral peduncle

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22
Q

cavities contained by the mesencephalon

A

cerebral aquaduct

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23
Q

main subdivisions of the rhombencephalon

A
  • metencephalon
  • mylencephalon
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24
Q

what is the metencephalon a subdivision of

A

rhimbencephalon

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25
Q

what is the mylencephalon a subdivision of

A

rhombencephalon

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26
Q

main constituent parts of the metencephalon

A

cerebellum
pons

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27
Q

cavities contained by metencephalon

A

4th ventricle

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28
Q

main constituent parts of the mylencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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29
Q

why is the spinal cord different from other main divisions of the neural tube

A

it has no subdivisions or main constituent parts

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30
Q

what cavity is contained by the spinal cord

A

the central canal

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31
Q

how do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle

A

through the interventricular foramen (of monro)

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32
Q

where is the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles

A

frontal lobe

33
Q

where is the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles

A

occipital lobe

34
Q

where is the inferior horn of the lateral ventricles

A

temporal lobe

35
Q

where is the roof of the lateral ventricles

A

under the surface of the corpus collosum

36
Q

what is the floor of the lateral ventricles

A

body of caudate nucleus and lateral margin of thalamus

37
Q

do the lateral ventricles communicate with eachother

38
Q

why don’t the lateral ventricles communicate with eachother

A

their medial wall is the septum pellucidum

39
Q

what is the interventricular foramen abounded by

A
  • anteriorly: anterior column of fornix
  • posteriorly: anterior end of thalamus
40
Q

what is the choroid plexus

A

a network of blood vessels and cells found in ventricles

41
Q

third ventricle shape

A

narrow and slit-like

42
Q

third ventricle boundaries

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

43
Q

fourth ventricle shape

44
Q

how do the third and fourth ventricles communicate

A

by the cerebral aqeduct (or aqueduct of sylvius)

45
Q

what is the fourth ventricle continuous with

A
  • the central canal of the spinal cord
  • through its three foramina with the subarachnoud space
46
Q

what are the three foramina of the third ventricle

A
  • laterally, the foramen of Lushka (x2)
  • posteriorly the Magendie (x1)
47
Q

where is the fourth ventricle located

A

behind the pons and medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum

48
Q

what is the terminal ventricle

A

a small dilation at the inferior end of the central canal

49
Q

colour of CSF

A

colourless

50
Q

what does CSF contain

A
  • inorganic salts (similar to those in plasma)
  • glucose
  • traces of protein
  • lymphocytes
51
Q

what is the pressure of CSF

52
Q

total volume of CSF

A

usually 135-150 mls

53
Q

four functions of CSF

A
  • protection
  • buoyancy
  • excretion of waste products
  • endocrine medium
54
Q

protection

CSF function

A

protects brain by buffering it

55
Q

buoyancy

CSF function

A

because the brain is immersed in fluid, the net weight of the brain is reduced from about 1400gm to about 50gm, pressure at the base of the brain is reduced

56
Q

excretion of waste products

CSF function

A

one-way flow from CSF to the blood takes potentially harmful metabolites, drugs and other substances away from the brian

57
Q

endocrine medium

CSF function

A

transports hormones to other areas of the brain. hormones released into CSF can be carried to remote sites of the brain where they may act

58
Q

what is a choriod plexus

A

Cuboidal epithelial cells (ependyma) surrounding a core of capillaries and loose connective tissue - much folded

59
Q

where is CSF formed

A

mostly in the choroid plexuses of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles
and some originates from the ependynal cells actually lining the ventricles

60
Q

how much CSF is produced daily

61
Q

how many times a day is CSF recycled

62
Q

why is CSF recycled

A

to clean out metabolites and toxins

63
Q

example of a toxin recycled by CSF

A

beta amyloid

64
Q

what is beta amyloid

A

a plaque that cause Alziemer’s

65
Q

where does CSF flow after its formed

A

into the subarachnoid space through aptertures
into the cisterna magna through the lateral apertures and the medial aperture

66
Q

how is CSF flow facilitated

A

pulsations of the cerebral and spinal arteries and the movements of the vertebral column, respiration, coughing and the changing of body positions

67
Q

how is CSF absorbed back into the bloodstream

A
  • Small protrusions of the arachnoid through the dura mater into the venous sinuses of the brain allow CSF to exit the sub-arachnoid space and enter the blood stream
  • When the CSF pressure is greater than the venous pressure, CSF will flow into the blood stream
  • Arachnoid villi act as one way valves
  • If CSF pressure is less than the venous pressure, the arachnoid villi will not let blood pass into the ventricular system
68
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A
  • too much CSF
  • due to an obstruction somewhere within the ventricular system causing problems with CSF absorption
69
Q

communicating hydrocephalus

A
  • occurs when there is full communication between the ventricles and subarachnoid space
  • most often associated with defective absorption of CSF
  • occasionally caused by venous drainage insufficiency
  • rarely caused by overproduction of CSF
70
Q

non-communicating hydrocephalus

A

occurs when CSF flow is obstructed, resulting in a lack of communication between ventricles and subarachnoid space

71
Q

what does a shunt procedure do for hydocephalus

A

relieves pressure by removing excess CSF

72
Q

what is papilledema

A
  • The subarachnoid space around the optic nerve is not usually filled with CSF
  • A rise of CSF pressure may compress thin walls of the retinal vein as it crosses the extension of the subarachnoid space to enter the optic nerve
  • This will result in bulging forward of the optic disc, and edema of the disc which results in the condition of papilledema
73
Q

what does persistent papilledema lead to

A

optic atrophy and blindness

74
Q

what can cause an increase of pressure around the brain

A
  • meningitis
  • oedema
  • tumour
  • cerebral abscess
  • haematoma
75
Q

what does it mean if CSF is cloudy

A

indicates presence of polymorphonuclearleukocytes or an excessive quantity of proteins

76
Q

what does an increase of white bloos cells in CSF indicate

A

inflammation of meninges or encephalitis

77
Q

what does an increase in protein content of CSF indicate

A

change in vascular permeability (more protein can then enter CSF)

78
Q

what causes blood in the CSF

A

contamination brought about by a puncture of a vertebral vein by spinal tap needle

79
Q

what causes yellow colouration or xanthochromia of CSF

A

presence of oxyhaemoglobin in fluid some hours after subarachnoid haemorrhage

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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