Practical 5: Spinal Cord and Blood Supply of CNS

Question 1

what are the three meninges present in the vertebral canal

Answer 1

• dura
• arachnoid
• pia

Question 2

what is the space between the arachnoid and the pia called

Answer 2

the subarachnoid space

Question 3

what is the subarachnoid space filled with

Answer 3

cerebrospinal fluid

Question 4

what is the space between the dura and the walls of the vertebral canal called

Answer 4

epidural space

Question 5

what is the epidural space filled with

Answer 5

fat, loose connective tissue, and blood vessels

Question 6

what are denticulate ligaments

Answer 6

fine triangular ligaments which connect the spinal cord to the dura

Question 7

what type of filaments are the dorsal filaments which make up the dorsal nerve roots

Answer 7

sensory fibres

Question 8

what type of filaments are the ventral filaments which make up the ventral nerve roots

Answer 8

motor fibres

Question 9

what does the spinal nerve divide into as it leaves the intervertebrak foramen

Answer 9

posterior primary ramus and anterior primary ramus

Question 10

what do the posterior primary rami supply

Answer 10

muscles and skin on the back of the body

Question 11

what do the anterior primary rami supply

Answer 11

the rest of the body

Question 12

what nerves make up the brachial plexus

Answer 12

five anterior rami between C5 and T1

Question 13

what emerges from the brachial plexus

Answer 13

major nerves supplying upper extremities

Question 14

what make up the lumbar and sacral plexuses

Answer 14

anterior rami from L1 to S3

Question 15

what emerges from the lumbar and sacral plexuses

Answer 15

nerves supplying the lower extermity

Question 16

internal carotid pathway

Answer 16

upwards to base of skull without branching -> enters carotid canal -> leaves through foramen lacerum -> runs under anterior clinoid process -> comes out behind optic canal -> emerges through dura beneath optic nerve -> gives off ophthalmic artery

Question 17

where does the ophthalmic artery run

Answer 17

through optic canal with optic nerve

Question 18

what does the opthalmic artery supply

Answer 18

contents of the orbit and the central part of the forehead

Question 19

where does the vertebral artery arise

Answer 19

from the subclavian artery in the root of the neck

Question 20

vertebral artery pathway

Answer 20

subclavian artery in root of neck -> opening of transverse process in C6 -> through openings of transverse processes in the upper 6 cervical vertebrae -> through atlanto-occipital membrane -> through dura -> join together -> form basilar artery

Question 21

main branches of the internal carotid artery

Answer 21

• anterior cerebral artery
• posterior communicating artery

Question 22

what does the internal carotid artery become

Answer 22

middle cerebral artery

Question 23

how are the two anterior cerebral arteries connected to eachother

Answer 23

by the anterior communicating artery

Question 24

what does the labyrinthine artery supply

Answer 24

the inner ear

Question 25

what four arteries arise from the top of the basilar artery

Answer 25

- two superior cerebellar arteries - two posterior cerebral arteries

Question 26

what arteries make up the circle of willis

Answer 26

- anterior communicating artery - anterior cerebral arteries - internal carotids - posterior communicating arteries - posterior cerebral arteries

Question 27

is the spinal extradural space a potential or genuine space

Answer 27

geniune space

Question 28

synonym for extradural space

Answer 28

epidural space

Question 29

the spinal cord ends at ...

Answer 29

the vertebrae level L1/L2

Question 30

the spinal subarachnoid space ends at ...

Answer 30

the vertebrae level S1/S2

Question 31

lumbar cistern

Answer 31

the part of the spinal subarachnoid space that extends below the spinal cord

Question 32

cauda equina

Answer 32

nerve roots traveling from the spinal cord to the intervertebral foramina below the vertebrae level L2

Question 33

where does the cauda equina lie

Answer 33

in the lumbar cistern

Question 34

where do the anterior nerve rootlets emerge from

Answer 34

anterolateral sulcus

Question 35

where do the posterior nerve rootlets emerge from

Answer 35

posterolateral sulcus

Question 36

spinal nerve parts

Answer 36

anterior and posterior nerve roots

Question 37

where do anterior and posterior nerve roots unite to become spinal nerves

Answer 37

intervertebral foramen

Question 38

the Wiegert stain dyes ...

Answer 38

myelin

Question 39

are the posterior columns highly myelinated

Answer 39

yes

Question 40

are the spinocerebellar tracts highly myelinated

Answer 40

yes

Question 41

are the spinothalamic tracts highly myelinated

Answer 41

no

Question 42

blood supply of the spinal cord

Answer 42

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Question 43

artery of Adamciewicz

Answer 43

the only major arterial supply supplying the anterior spinal artery along the lower thoracic, lumbar, and sacral segments of the spinal cord

Question 44

clinical significance of the artery of Adamciewicz

Answer 44

- injury to this artery can cause neurologic damage (fecal and urinary incontinence, impaired motor function) - sensory function is usually preserved

Question 45

dura mater

Answer 45

Question 46

arachnoid mater

Answer 46

Question 47

pia mater

Answer 47

Question 48

conus medullaris

Answer 48

Question 49

at what vertebral level is the conus medullaris typically found at

Answer 49

L1

Question 50

cauda equina

Answer 50

Question 51

denticulate ligaments

Answer 51

Question 52

cervical and lumbar enlargements

Answer 52

Question 53

spinal nerves

Answer 53

Question 54

anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Answer 54

Question 55

anterolateral sulcus

Answer 55

Question 56

what emerges at the anterolateral sulcus

Answer 56

rootlets of CNXII (the hypoglossal nerve)

Question 57

posterolateral sulcus

Answer 57

Question 58

what emerges at the posterolateral sulcus

Answer 58

posterior or sensory spinal nerves rootlets