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Neuroanatomy > Language Centres and Aphasia > Flashcards

Language Centres and Aphasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is language

A

reading, writing, speaking and understanding words

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2
Q

what does Wernicke’s area do

A

permits recognition of spoken and written language and creates plan of speech

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3
Q

angular gyrus function

A

processes text and numbers into a form we can speak

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4
Q

where is wernicke’s area found

A

around the auditory cortex of the sylvian fissure

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5
Q

what is the sylvian fissure

A

where the temporal and parietal lobes meet

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6
Q

what does Broca’s area do

A

generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheek and lip muscles to create movement for phonation
transmits that to primary motor cortex for aciton

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7
Q

where is Broca’s area found

A

pars triangularis of the inferior frontal gyrus

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8
Q

is speech part of the extrapyramidal or pyramidal system and why

A

pyramidal because speech is a voluntary action

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9
Q

which seven cranial nerves are needed for speech

A
  • V: trigeminal
  • VII: facial
  • VIII: vestibulocochlear
  • IX: glossopharyngeal
  • X: vagus
  • XI: spinal accessory
  • CII: hypoglossal
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10
Q

trigeminal - sensory or motor

A

sensory and motor

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11
Q

trigmeninal nerve relation to speech

A

controls muscles of mastication

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12
Q

facial - sensory or motor

A

sensory and motor

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13
Q

facial nerve relation to speech

A

controls muscles of facial expression

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14
Q

vestibulocochlear - sensory or motor

A

sensory

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15
Q

vestibulocochlear relation to speech

A

hearing

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16
Q

glossopharyngeal - sensory or motor

A

sensory and motor

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17
Q

glossopharyngeal relation to speech

A
  • contributes to pharyngeal movement
  • taste
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18
Q

vagus - sensory or motor

A

sensory and motor

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19
Q

vagus nerve relation to speech

A
  • contributes to movements of the pharynx and larynx
  • serves a sensory function for pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs
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20
Q

spinal accessory - sensory or motor

A

motor

21
Q

spinal accessory relation to speech

A

controls neck muscles thus indirectly influences position of larynx

22
Q

hypoglossal - sensory or motor

A

motor

23
Q

hypoglossal relation to speech

A

controls tongue movements

24
Q

two cochlear nuclei

A

dorsal and ventral

25
Q

what does the ventral pathway control

A

direction of sound

26
Q

ventral pathway

A

Cochlear nerve → ventral nucleus → superior olivary nucleus → nucleus of lateral lemniscus → inferior colliculus → medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus → primary auditory cortex

27
Q

what does the dorsal pathway control

auditory pathway

A

quality of sound

28
Q

dorsal pathway

auditory pathway

A

Cochlear nerve → dorsal cochlear nucleus → dorsal acoustic stria → inferior colliculus → medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus → primary auditory cortex

29
Q

do both dorsal and ventral pathways decussate

auditory pathway

A

yes

30
Q

what does the reading out loud pathway do

A

converts graphemes to phonemes

31
Q

grapheme

A

written symbol that represents a sound

32
Q

phoneme

A

smallest unit of sound within a word

33
Q

production effect

A

reading out loud can improve memory - pronouncing words can create a memorable experience

34
Q

reading out loud pathway

A
  • Visual images → retinogeniculate pathway → lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus → geniculo-calcarine tract (optic radiation) → visual cortex (calcarine sulcus) for visual processing
  • Orthographic processing occurs in area 19 of the visual association area, and involves recognising whether each letter string in a sentence represents a real or pseudoword
  • Transfer from subdominant to dominant hemispheres via the splenium of the corpus callosum
  • The visual picture: the occipital lobe → angular gyrus for phonological processing → Wernicke’s area for language comprehension → arcuate fasciculus → Broca’s area for speech pattern production → primary motor cortex for muscle activation
35
Q

Aphasia

A

an acquired communication disorder that causes problems with any or all of the following: speaking, listening, reading and writing

36
Q

causes of aphasia

A
  • stroke (most common, ischemia of brain region due to occlusion of middle cerebral artery)
  • head injury
  • brain tumours
  • infection
  • dementia
37
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

issues with speech comprehension

38
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

issues with speech production

39
Q

wernicke’s aphasia presentation

A
  • comprehension and expression are equally impaired
  • unable to understand written or spoken language
  • normal grammar, syntax, rate and intonation but cannot express themselves meaningfully
  • tendency to talk excessively
  • tend to have anosognsia (lack of awareness) of their symptoms
  • substitutes one word for another - paraphasias
40
Q

broca’s aphasia presentation

A
  • loss of ability to produce language
  • speech is laboured and non fluent
41
Q

conduction/association aphasia

A

connection between wernicke’s and brocca’s areas is damaged or compromised - therefore an acquired condition

42
Q

conduction/association aphasia presentation

A
  • intact auditory comprehension
  • fluent speech
  • marked inability to repeat words or sentences
43
Q

dysarthria

A
  • motor speech disorder caused by damage in the tracts that connect motor neurons to speech muscles
  • damage to upper and lower motor neurons
  • classified depending on location of lesion
44
Q

where do upper motor neurons have their nuclei

A

in the motor cortex

45
Q

where do lower motor neurons have their nuclei

A

pons and medulla

46
Q

agnosia

A
  • inability to recognise objects, people, shapes, sounds or smells
  • no significant overall memory loss
47
Q

auditory agnosia

A

inability to differentiate or recognise sounds

48
Q

auditory agnosia cause

A

damage in the auditory association areas

49
Q

auditory agnosia presentation

A
  • speech comprehension is severely compromised
  • language skills (reading, writing) are retained

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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