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Neuroanatomy > Ascending Pathways > Flashcards

Ascending Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

five special senses

A
  • olfaction
  • vision
  • taste
  • hearing
  • balance
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2
Q

cranial nerve for olfaction

A

olfactory nerve (I)

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3
Q

cranial nerve for vision

A

optic nerve (II)

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4
Q

cranial nerve for taste

A

facial (VII) and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves

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5
Q

cranial nerve for hearing

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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6
Q

cranial nerve for balance

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

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7
Q

three types of general senses

A
  • interoception
  • exteroception
  • proprioception
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8
Q

interoception

A

pain, temperature, touch pressure of viscera

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9
Q

exteroception

A

pain, temperature, touch pressure of external world

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10
Q

proprioception

A

position sense from joints/ligaments/tendons

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11
Q

5 types of sensory receptor for general senses

A
  • nociceptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • chemoreceptors
  • Baroreceptors
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12
Q

what do nociceptors do

A

monitor tissue change

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13
Q

what do thermoreceptors do

A

monitor temperature - found in skin, liver muscle, and hypothalamus

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14
Q

what do mechanoreceptors do

A

monitor contact and pressure, found mostly in the skin

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15
Q

what do chemoreceptors do

A

monitor chemical compositition of body fluids

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16
Q

what do baroreceptors do

A
  • subset of mechanoreceptors
  • monitor changes in pressure of tubular organs (vessels, ureters, bowel)
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17
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin supplied by a specific spinal nerve
each corresponds to an entry or exit point of ventral (motor) and dorsal (sensory) rootlets

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18
Q

how many dermatomes are there

A

31

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19
Q

dermatone pathology

A

symptoms that follow a dermatome (rash, pain) may indicate pathology involving the nerve root eg. shingles

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20
Q

where are somatosensory axons relayed to

A

post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)

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21
Q

1st order neurons

A
  • PNS
  • found in dorsal root ganglia
22
Q

2nd order neurons

A
  • CNS
  • found in spinal cord
23
Q

3rd order neurons

A
  • CNS
  • found in thalamus
24
Q

three different types of ascending somatosensory pathways in spinal cord

A
  • Spinothalamic (STT)
  • Medial Lemniscus (MLT)
  • Spinocerebellar
25
Q

what does the STT relate to

A

pain, temperature, crude touch

26
Q

what does the MLT relate to

A

fine touch and conscious proprioception

27
Q

what does the spinocerebellar tract relate to

A

proprioception

28
Q

what does the trigeminal nerve innervate

A

face and oral cavity

29
Q

what does the facial nerve innervate

A

skin around ear

30
Q

what does the glossopharyngeal nerve innervate

A

upper pharynx and posterior 1/3 of tongue

31
Q

what does the vagus nerve innervate

A

external auditory meatus and tympanic membrane

32
Q

four cranial nerves involved in the trigeminothalamic tract

A
  • trigeminal
  • facial
  • glossopharyngeal
  • vagus
33
Q

trigeminal tract pathway

A
  • four cranial nerves enter brainstem
  • these synapse at the trigeminal nucleur complex (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
  • they decussate here
  • then ascend to post central gyrus
34
Q

nine periperac receptors and sensation structures served by trigeminal system

A
  • cornea
  • muscoctaneous tissues around nose and mouth
  • oral and nasal mucosae
  • paranasal sinuses
  • tongue (anterior 2/3)
  • teeth and gums
  • dura of anterior and middle cranial fossae
  • skin of face to vertex except angle of jaw
  • parts of external ear
35
Q

primary sensory neurons

trigeminothalamic tract

A

unipolar neurons similar to dorsal root ganglion cells

36
Q

what nerve roots give rise to primary sensory neurons

A
  • ophthalmic CN V-1
  • maxillary CN V-2
  • mandibular CN V-3
37
Q

where do second order neurons originate

A

two brain stem nuclei:
principle trigeminal nucleus
spinal trigeminal nucleus

38
Q

principle trigeminal nucleus

A
  • mediates fine touch stimuli (two point discrimination), joint position and vibration
  • located in the middle of the pons just lateral to the motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
39
Q

what is neuritis

A

inflammation of PNS

40
Q

five causes of neuritis

A
  • physical injury
  • infection (herpes, shingles, leprosy, guillain-barre syndrome, lyme disease, bells palsy)
  • chemical injury
  • radiation
  • nutritional deficiencies
41
Q

what two types of sensory function damage can occur

neuritis

A
  • loss of function (numbness, tremor, gait abnormality)
  • gain of function (tingling, itching, crawling, pins and needles)
42
Q

dissaociated sensory loss

A

deficit in modality of pain/temperature or touch/proprioception

43
Q

STT lesion

A

contralateral loss of pain/temperature sensation below the level of the lesion

44
Q

MLP lesion

A

ipsilateral loss of touch/proprioception below the level of the lesion

45
Q

what is syringomyelia

A

disruption of the decussating fibres of the spinothalamic system (usually in cervical and upper thoracic regions) but not usually the ascending fibres of the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system

46
Q

syringomyelia symptoms

A

cape like distribution of loss of pain, temperature and crude touch sensation from above the lesion

47
Q

what is Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A

incomplete spinal cord lesion characterised by a hemisection of the spinal cord

48
Q

causes of Brown-Sequard Syndrome

A
  • spinal cord tumour
  • trauma (puncture wound to neck or back)
  • ischemia (obstruction of bloos vessel)
  • infection/inflammatory diseases (TB or MS)
49
Q

Brown-Sequard Syndrome symptoms

A

contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation (STT)
ipsilateral loss of position and vibrating sensation, as well as parasthesia (ML)

50
Q

neuropathic pain

A

complex, chronic pain state that is usually accompanied by a tissue injury affecting the STT

51
Q

causes of central neuropathic pain

A
  • spinal cord injury
  • MS
  • some strokes
52
Q

what is referred pain

A

pain perceived at a location other than the site of the painful stimulus

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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