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Neuroanatomy > Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia and Internal Capsule Flashcards

1
Q

function of basal ganglia

A

fine-tune voluntary movements and are therefore involved in the generation of goal-directed voluntary movements

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2
Q

how do basal ganglia work

A
  1. recive info from cerebral cortex
  2. process and adjust this info
  3. send it to thalamus
  4. thalamus sends the adjusted into back to cortex
  5. the cortex then sends its motor info to the skeletal muscles via the pyramidal system
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3
Q

what are the basal ganglia

A

a group of subcortical nuclei that from part of the extra pyramidal system

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4
Q

name the five pairs of nuclei that make up the basal ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
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5
Q

what does the striatum consist of

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

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6
Q

what does the lentiform nucleus consist of

A

putamen, globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus

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7
Q

what is the caudate nucleus part of

A

striatum

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8
Q

shape of caudate nucleus

A

c-shaped
made up of head, body and tail

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9
Q

location of caudate nucleus

A

lateral to lateral ventricles

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10
Q

that does the tail of the caudate nucleus from

A

roof of inferior horn of lateral ventricles and is terminated by connecting with amygdala

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11
Q

function of caudate nucleus

A

sends information to thalamus concerning body and limb posture

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12
Q

what is an underactive caudate nucleus linked to

A

depression and schizophrenia

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13
Q

what is the putamen part of

A

striatum and lentiform nuclei

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14
Q

shape of putamen

A

round

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15
Q

location of putamen

A

medially: globus pallidus
laterally: external capsule

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16
Q

putamen function

A

regulates motor functions

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17
Q

what is the globus pallidus part of

A

lentiform nuclei

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18
Q

globus pallidus location

A

medial to putamen

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19
Q

function of globus pallidus

A

regulates movements to create smooth and precise actions

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20
Q

substantia nigra location

A
  • small motor nucleus in anterior part of upper mibrain
  • functionally part of basal ganglia despite location in midbrain
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21
Q

two components of substantia nigra

A

pars compacta and pars reticula

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22
Q

what is the dorsal portion of the substantia nigra

A

pars compacts

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23
Q

what is the pars compacts made up of

A

dense, dark, melanin-filled neurons

24
Q

what happens when the dopamine neurons in the pars compacta die

A

parkinson’s disease

25
Q

what is the ventral portion of the substantia nigra

A

pars reticula

26
Q

pars reticula function

A

plays a roll in controlling eye movements

27
Q

what is the internal capsule

A

mass of white matter which collects all axons beside the thalamus and the third ventricle

28
Q

function of the internal capsule

A

large number of motor and sensory fibres travel to and from the cortex via the internal capsule

29
Q

internal capsule location

A

bisects basal ganglia

30
Q

name the three subdivisions of the internal capsule

A
  • anterior limb
  • genu
  • posterior limb
31
Q

two types of fibres found in anterior limb of internal capsule

A
  • frontopontine fibres
  • thalamocortical fibres
32
Q

frontopontine fibres

A

frontal cortex to pons

33
Q

thalamocortical fibres

A

thalamus to frontal lobe

34
Q

what fibres are contained in the genu

A

corticobulbar fibres

35
Q

corticobulbar fibres

A

Cortex to brainstem

36
Q

what two types of fibres are contained in the posterior limb

A
  • corticospinal fibres
  • ascending sensory fibres
37
Q

corticospinal fibres

A

cortex to spinal cord

38
Q

what part of the basal ganglia receive input from the cortex

A

the striatum

39
Q

where do the striatum not receive input from

A

primary visual and auditory cortices

40
Q

what are the input pathways of the basal ganglia collectively referred to as

A

corticospinal pathways

41
Q

where do axons with the striatum synsapse with

A
  • The globus pallidus
  • The pars reticula of the substantia nigra (via striatonigral fibres)
42
Q

describe the output from the basal ganglia to the pars reticula of the substantia nigra

A

axons synapse with upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus to regulate eye movements

43
Q

describe output of the basal ganglia to the globus pallidus

A

axons synapse with the thalamus → thalamus relays this info back to the motor cortex (feedback loop)

44
Q

name five involuntary movement disorders

A
  • tremor
  • athetosis
  • chorea
  • ballism
  • distonia
45
Q

athetosis

A

slow involuntary writhing or twisting movements of extremities

46
Q

chorea

A

fast or jerky writhing movemets of extremities

47
Q

ballism

A

similar to chorea but associated with more proximal extremities such as shoulders and hips

48
Q

distonia

A

involuntary contractions of muscles

49
Q

name five impairments to motion disorders

A
  • akinesia
  • bradykinesia
  • shuffling gait
  • difficulties with speech
  • loss of postural reflexes
50
Q

akinesia

A

lack of movement

51
Q

bradykinesia

A

slowness of movement

52
Q

causes of parkinson’s disease

A
  • death of dopamine secretion in the substantia nigra
  • exact cause is unknown but may be associated with exposure to toxins, historical head trauma, infection and genetics
53
Q

two treatments for parkinson’s disease

A
  • L-DOPA
  • Deep brain stimulation
54
Q

explain how L-DOPA treats Parkinson’s

A

its a dopamine precursor that helps alleviate symptoms. its initally effective but after 5-10 years, 50% of patients develop DOPA-induced dykinesia (involuntary erractic movements)

55
Q

explain how deep brain stimulation trats parkinsons

A

the activity of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is increased in parkinsons, high frequency stimulation has been shown to deactivate the STN

56
Q

cause of huntingtons disease

A

progressive atrophy of the striatum that is genetic in origin

57
Q

treatment of huntington’s disease

A
  • xenazine: can supress involuntary movements but has multiple side effects that can cause drowsiness, restlessness and/or psychiatric conditions
  • the comorbidity of psychiatric disorders means many patients are treated with antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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