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Neuroanatomy > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus definition

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in CNS

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2
Q

tract definition

A

collection of axons in CNS

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3
Q

ganglia definition

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in PNS

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4
Q

what percentage of the brain is made up by the cerebrum

A

83%

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5
Q

what does the cerebrum control

A
  • higher mental functions including all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions
  • Processes somatic sensory and motor information
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6
Q

how is cerebrum divided

A

into left and right cerebral hemispheres

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7
Q

what is grey matter made of

A

cell bodies

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8
Q

where is grey matter found

A

cerebral cortex

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9
Q

how much of cerebral cortex is its surface area

A

1/3

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10
Q

how much of cerebral cortex is in sulci

A

about 2/3

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11
Q

where is cerebral cortex thickest

A

over crest of convolution

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12
Q

where is cerebral cortex thinnest

A

in depth of sulci

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13
Q

why does the cerebral cortex have a folded surface area

A

increases surface area

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14
Q

gyrus definition

A

elevated ridge

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15
Q

sulcus definition

A

shallow depression

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16
Q

fissure definition

A

deep groove

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17
Q

how many neurons in cerebral cortex

A

1 trillion

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18
Q

how many glial cells in cerebral cortex

A

1 billion

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19
Q

what is white matter

A

myelinated axons which connect cerebral cortex with other brain regions

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20
Q

three types of white matter fibres

A
  • commissural fibres
  • association fibres
  • projection fibres
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21
Q

commissural fibres function

A
  • connect cortices of right and left cerebral hemispheres
  • largest bundle forms corpus callosum
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22
Q

association fibres function

A

connect regions of the cerebral cortex within one hemisphere

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23
Q

two types of association fibres

A
  • short (arcuate)
  • long (longitudinal)
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24
Q

short association fibres function

A

connect adjacent gyri

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25
long association fibres function
connect distant gyri (different lobes)
26
projection fibres function
* leave white matter * form internal capsule
27
two categories of projection fibres
corticofugal and corticopedal
28
corticofugal fibres
terminate in basal nuclei, brainstem or spinal cord
29
corticopedal fibres
typically originate in the thalamus and terminate in the cerebral cortex
30
what is layer I also called
molecule layer
31
what is molecule layer made of
sparse, nonspecific afferents
32
what is layer II aslo known as
outer granule cell layer
33
what is layer II made of
interneurons for non-specific afferent input
34
what is layer III also known as
Outer pyramidal cell layer
35
what is layer III made up of
small and medium pyramidal cells, short association output
36
what is layer IV also known as
inner granule layer
37
what is layer IV made up of
mainly interneurons for specific afferent input
38
what is layer V also known as
inner pyramidal cell layer
39
what is layer V made of
largest pyramidal cells, long projection neurons and long association output
40
what is layer VI also known as
multi-form layer
41
what is layer VI made up of
variably shaped cells, projection and long association output
42
pyramidal neurons
- Long elongated - Their axons project from white matter, so the vast majority are projection neurons - Exitatory (glutamate or aspartate neurotransmitters)
43
are pyramidal cells homogenous or heterogenous
homogenous
44
what percentage of all cells in cortex are pyramidal
60-70%
45
non-pyramidal neurons
- Stellate and basket cells mainly - Small and multipolar - Mainly found in Layer IV - Axons stay in grey matter - Interneurons - Inhibitory (GABA)
46
are non-pyramidal neurons homogenous or heterogenous
heterogenous
47
what percentage of all cells in cortex are non-pyramidal
30-40%
48
what does the frontal lobe control
- initiation and control of voluntary movement - expressive langauge function - higher function of mood, personality, judgement, motivation and executive functions
49
parietal lobe fuction
- perception and discrimination of somatic sensory stimuli - involved in integrating visual and somatic sensory information
50
temporal lobe function
- auditory perception and discrimination - receptive language function - olfaction - learning and memory function
51
occipital lobe function
- visual perception and recognition - insular - buried in lateral sulcus - receives taste afferent information - associated with somatic sensory and limbic function - influences autonomic functions
52
where is brocca's area
left side of fronal lobe
53
where is Wernicke's area
left side of temporal lobe
54
where are the motor areas
precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and primary motor cortex
55
motor areas function
directs voluntary movement
56
where are the sensory areas
- post central gyrus of parietal lobe - primary sensory cortex
57
sensory areas function
receives somatic sensory information
58
examples of sensory somatic information
- touch - pressure - pain - vibration - taste - temperature
59
what are association areas
any brain region that recieves input from more than one sensory modality
60
three examples of association areas
- parietal cortex - temporal cortex - frontal cortex
61
parietal cortex function
attends to stimulu in external and internal environments
62
temporal cortex function
identifies nature of stimuli
63
frontal cortex function
plans an appropriate response to stimuli
64
where is prefrontal cortex
anterior part of frontal lobes, lies in front of the motor and premotor areas
65
prefontal cortex function
* coordinates information from all other association areas * important in intellect, planning, reasoning, mood, abstract ideas, judgement, conscience and accurately predicting consequences
66
what is hemispheric lateralization
functional differences between left and right hemispheres
67
what does lef hemisphere control (in most people)
reading, writing, maths, decision-making, logic, speech and language
68
what does the right hemisphere control (in most people)
recognition, affect, visual/spatial reasoning, emotion and artistic skills

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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