Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy > Hearing and Balance > Flashcards

Hearing and Balance Flashcards

1
Q

inner ear components

A
  • membranous labyrinth
  • bony labyrinth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

three main parts of inner ear

A
  • vestibule of ear
  • semi-circular canals
  • cochlea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

modiolus

A

centre of the curved part of the cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is the organ of corti located

A

within cochlear duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where is perilymph located

A

within vestibular and tympanic canals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

another name for the vestibular canal

A

scala vestibuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

another name for the tympanic canal

A

scala tympani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

vestibular canal components

A

oval window and vestibular membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

tympanic canal components

A

round window and basilar membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what two ducts act as one

A

cochlear and vestibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the cochlear duct filled with

A

endolymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

two nerves in the vestibulo cochlear nerve

A

vestibular nerve and cochlear nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

vestibular nerve function

A

balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cochlear nerve function

A

hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

simple auditory pathway

A

Cochlear nerve → cochlear nuclei→ inferior colliculus → thalamus → primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are the cochlear nuclei located

A

pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is the inferior colliculus located

A

midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name the two cochlear nuclei

A
  • dorsal
  • ventral
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

do both cochlear nuclei decussate

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ventral nucleus pathway function

A

direction of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ventral nucleus pathway

A

Cochlear nerve → ventral CN → superior olivary nucleus→ nucleus of lateral lemniscus → inferior colliculus → medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus → (auditory radiations) → primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where is the superior olivary nucleus founf

A

mid pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the dorsal nucleus pathway responsible for

A

quality of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dorsal nucleus pathway

A

Cochlear nerve → dorsal CN → (dorsal acoustic stria) → inferior colliculus → medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus → primary auditory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex (A1) located

A

superior temporal gyrus, close to lateral fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what part of A1 relates to low frequencies

A
  • anterior part
  • corresponds to apex of cochlea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what part of A1 relates to high frequency sounds

A
  • posterior part
  • corresponds to base of cochlea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

where is the secondary auditory cortex (A2) found

A

posterior to A1 on superior temporal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is included in A2

A

wernickes area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A2 function

A

analyses acoustic stimuli at a higher neuronal level (recognition and interpretation of sounds on the basis of past experience)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

results of ablation of A2

A

inability to distinguish temporal order of sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

conductive hearing loss causes

A
  • problems in outer ear (blocked by wax)
  • problems in middle ear (otitis, glue ear, damaged ossicles)
33
Q

sensorineural hearing loss causes

A
  • malfunction of inner ear (cochlea)
  • generally at level of hair cells or auditory nerve
  • rarely by damage to auditory brain
34
Q

two functions of vestibular apparatus

A
  • sense of balance
  • spatial orientation
35
Q

three sources of sensory information used to maintain equilibrium

A
  • eyes
  • proprioception
  • vestibular system
36
Q

two components that deal with chaotic movements

A
  • static labyrinth
  • kinetic labyrinth
37
Q

static labryinth functions

A

linear acceleration and spatial orientation

38
Q

what is contained in otolith organs

A

endolymph and macula (hair cells)

39
Q

two otolinth organs

A
  • utricle
  • saccule
40
Q

what does the utricle contain

A

macula utriculi

41
Q

what does the saccule contain

A

macula saculi

42
Q

what do the macula detect

A
  • linear movements of the head
  • proprioception of the head
43
Q

where is the utricle

A

posterior part of vestibule

44
Q

what does the utricle communicate with

A

semi-circular canals on one end and saccule on the other

45
Q

utricle function

A

detects movements on the horizontal plane

46
Q

where is the saccule

A

anterior part of vestibule

47
Q

what does the saccule communicate with

A

utricle and the cochlea

48
Q

saccule function

A

detects movements in the vertical plane

49
Q

which is smaller, utricle or saccule

A

saccule

50
Q

kinetic labyrinth function

A

angular acceleration

51
Q

how many semi-circular canals are there

A

3

52
Q

what are the semicircular canals

A

membranous channels filled with endolymph

53
Q

where are the semicircular canals located

A

on three planes which make 90 degree angles with eachother

54
Q

what are the three planes of the smeicircular canals

A
  • lateral
  • posterior
  • anterior
55
Q

what is the ampulla

A
  • terminal part of semicircular canal
  • open to utricle
  • has crista ampullaris covered with gelatinous structure called the cupula
56
Q

what is the crista ampullaris

A

cluster of hair cells

57
Q

how are head movements detected in the kinetic labyrinth

A
  • movement of endolymph stimulates the bending of the cupula
  • movement of the cupula stimulates the movement of the hair cells
  • movement of the hair cells detect head movements
58
Q

superior canal function

A

detects nodding

59
Q

lateral canal function

A

detects head shaking (no)

60
Q

posterior canal function

A

detects head tilt

61
Q

where can inputs come from in the vestibular pathway

A
  • cristae ampullares
  • rest of semicircular canals
  • utricle
  • saccule
62
Q

name the four vestibular nuclei

A
  • superior vestibular nucleus of bechterew
  • medial vestibular nucleus of schwalbe
  • inferior vestibular nucleus of roller
  • lateral vestibular nucleus of dieters
63
Q

medial longitudinal fasciulus

A

superior/medial vestibular nuclei → motor neurons of occulomotor, trochlear and abducens nerves

64
Q

function of medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

mediates reflexive activities of extra-occular muscles

65
Q

inferior vestibulospinal tract

A

inferior vestibular nucleus → interneurons in cervical spinal cord

66
Q

function of inferior vestibulospinal tract

A

adjusts tone and posture of head and neck muscles

67
Q

lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

lateral vestibular nucleus → interneurons in entire spinal cord

68
Q

function of lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

adjusts tone and posture of muscles

69
Q

main vestibular pathway

A

Vestibular nerve → vestibular nuclei → ventral posterior nuclei of thalamus → primary vestibular cortex → primary motor cortex

70
Q

what happens in the primary vestibular cortex

A

information from vestibular system is integrated with other proprioceptive systems

71
Q

what happens in the primary motor cortex

vestibular pathway

A

motor response to information from vestibular and other proprioceptive systems is generated

72
Q

name three types of vertigo

A
  • peripheral vertigo
  • benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
  • central vertigo
73
Q

peripheral vertigo

A
  • symptoms occur as a result of inflammation
  • this form of vertigo is thought to be caused by high pressure of endolymph fluid
74
Q

three types of inflammation which cause peripheral vertigo

A
  • labyrinthitis - inflammation of inner ear labyrinth and vestibular nerve
  • vestibular neuronitis - inflammation of vestibular nerve
  • meniere’s disease - due to bacterial and viral infections as well as metabolic disorders and autoimmune diseases
75
Q

BBPV cause

A

small crystals break free and float around freely within semi-circular canals (disturbance of otolith particles)

76
Q

central vertigo

A
  • affects pathways of vestibular system
  • most common symptoms is accompanying migraine
77
Q

most common type of vertigo

A

BBPV

78
Q

rarest type of vertigo

A

central vertigo

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions