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Neuroanatomy > Olfactory and Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Olfactory and Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

how many olfactory receptors are there

A

20 million per side

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2
Q

are there synpses in the olfactory epithelium

A

no - receptors have axons which project directly to the olfactory bulb

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3
Q

describe the olfactory receptor axons

A

thin, unmyelinated and slow

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4
Q

olfactory receptors life cycle

A

60 days

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5
Q

where are the first order neurons in the olfactory system

A

between receptors and the olfactory bulb

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6
Q

what do second order neurons do in the olfactory system

A

synapse with tufted and mitral cells in the olfactory glomerulus

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7
Q

what is the olfactory bulb formed from

A

unmyelinated axons of the tufted and mitral cells (bipolar neurons)

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8
Q

what are the principle neurons of the olfactory bulb

A

mitral and tufted cells

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9
Q

what do amoratic compounds do in the olfactory bulb

A

recognise particular receptors and travel to a particular golmerulus

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10
Q

what are aromatic compounds

A

those which contain benzene rings

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11
Q

what is the glomerulus

A
  • basic processing component of olfactory bulb
  • polysynaptic structure ensuring converion of specific olfactory synapses to the mitral and tuftal cells
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12
Q

which mediate local and lateral inhibition

A
  • periglomerular cells in the glomerulus
  • granular cells in the deeper layer
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13
Q

where is the olfactory tract found

A

in the olfactory sulcus

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14
Q

what does the olfactory tract contain

A

axons of mitral and tufted cells

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15
Q

where does the olfactory tract run to

A

olfactory trigone

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16
Q

where does the lateral olfactory stria project to

A

olfactory cortex and parahippocampal gyrus (including uncus)

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17
Q

what is the primary olfactory cortex also known as

A

the piriform cortex

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18
Q

lateral olfactory stria function

A

conscious awareness of odour

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19
Q

what are uncinate fits preceded by

A

hallucinations of disagreeable odours

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20
Q

where does the medial olfactory stria project to

A

septal area

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21
Q

medial olfactory stria function

A

olfacterovisceral reflexes

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22
Q

where does the intermediate olfactory stria project to

A

olfactory tubercle

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23
Q

intermediate olfactory stria function

A

reward behaviours

24
Q

which olfactory stria is the largest

A

lateral

25
Q

what does the anterior commissure do

A

connects two halves of olfactory system

26
Q

where is the anterior fissure found

A

anterior to the columns of the fornix

27
Q

where is the insula found

A

deep in sylvian fissure

28
Q

insula function

A

receives taste input from the medial part of the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus

29
Q

where is the orbitofrontal cortex found

A

base of the frontal lobe

30
Q

orbitofrontal cortex function

A

furthers conscious smell olfactory perceotion

31
Q

how does the libmic system operate

A

influences the endocrine system and the autonomic nervous system

32
Q

functions of limbic system

A
  • controls emotions
  • mood
  • motivation
  • pain and pleasure sensations
33
Q

three cortical areas contained in limbic system

A
  • septal area
  • cingulate gyrus
  • parahippocampal gyrus
34
Q

four deeper structures contained in limbis system

A
  • hyppocampal formation and fornix
  • amygdala
  • mammillary bodies
  • anterior nuclei of the thalamus
35
Q

how are the limbic structures interconnected

A

by the papez circuit

36
Q

papez circuit components

A
  • fornix
  • mammillothalamic tract
  • stria terminalis
  • cingulum
37
Q

hippocampus function

A

associative learning and memory

38
Q

what is caused by damage to hippocampus

A

amnesia

39
Q

where does the hippocampal formation project to

A

mammillary bodies of hypothalamus and spetal nuclei by way of fornix

40
Q

amygdala function

A

plays role in reproduction, fear and aggression and modulation of autonomic and neuroendocrine systems

41
Q

what do lesions to the amygdala cause

A

docile behaviour

42
Q

what does stimulation to the amygdala cause

A

rage

43
Q

kulver-bucy syndrome

A
  • ignore social conventions
  • caused by bilateral lesions of anterior temporal lobe
44
Q

what is the amygdala connected to

A
  • directly to thalamus
  • directly to neocortex
  • hypothalamus by stria terminalis
45
Q

septal area components

A
  • septal nucleus
  • septum pellicudum
  • small portion of neocortex that forms part of limbic lobe
46
Q

what is the septum pellucidum

A

membrane between the two lateral ventricals

47
Q

what is the septal area connected to

A

hypothalamus and hippocamus (fornix)

48
Q

septal area functions

A
  • relief of fear
  • docile behaviour
  • stress
49
Q

what do lesions to the septal area cause

A

rage and aggressive behaviour

50
Q

where is the cingulate gyrus found

A

overlying corpus callosum

51
Q

cingulate gyrus connections

A
  • anterior nuclear group of thalamus by thalamic radations
  • hypothalamus by mammillothalamic tract
52
Q

cingulate gyrus function

A

control of emotional and visceral responses, agressive behaviour

53
Q

thalamus

A
  • connects brainstem to cerebrum
  • relay centre - provides a means by which sensory information can gain access to limbic system
54
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • Because of its interconnections with other limbic structures, stimulation of the hypothalamus produces many of the behaviours seen with the stimulation of other limbic sites
  • Stimulation reveals rage and aggression sites as well as docile behaviour
55
Q

what can acquired disorders of the limbic system cause

A
  • violence
  • suicidal behaviour
  • agitation
  • mood swings
56
Q

neuropsychiatric disorders caused by damage to the limbic system

A
  • anxiety
  • schizophrenia
  • psychopathic disorders

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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