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Neuroanatomy > Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts > Flashcards

Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts Flashcards

1
Q

where is brainstem located

A

between cerebrum and spinal cord

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2
Q

what does the brainstem consist of

A

midbrain, medulla and pons

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3
Q

what is brainstem made of

A

deep grey matter surrounded by white matter tracts

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4
Q

which pathway of the spinal cord is ascending

A

sensory

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5
Q

what pathway of the spinal cord is decending

A

motor

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6
Q

what does the midbrain develop from

A

mesencephalon

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7
Q

what does the pons develop from

A

rhombencephalon

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8
Q

what does the medulla oblongata develop from

A

rhombencephalon

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9
Q

what does the spinal cord develop from

A

rhombencephalon

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10
Q

what is the corticobulbar tract

A

a motor pathway that goes from the cortex to the brainstem

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11
Q

what are the corticospinal tracts

A

motor pathways that travel along the spinal cord

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12
Q

what does the lateral corticospinal tract do

A

conveys commands to the body (piano playing, tap dancing)

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13
Q

what does the anterior corticospinal tract do

A

controls trunk muscles (core exercises)

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14
Q

what is the optic chiasm

A

where optic nerves cross over

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15
Q

what is the middle ceerebellar peduncle

A

connects pons to cerebellum

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16
Q

what does the superior colliculis relate to

A

vision

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17
Q

what does the inferior colliculus refer to

A

hearing

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18
Q

which cranial nerves do not originate from the brain stem

A

I & II

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19
Q

where does the occulomotor nerve (III) emerge from

A

interpenduncular fossa

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20
Q

where does the trochlear nerve (IV) emerge from

A

posterior aspect of brainstem

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21
Q

where does the trigeminal nerve (V) emerge from

A

anterolateral section of pons

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22
Q

where does the abducens nerve (VI) emerge from

A

pontomedullary junction

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23
Q

what is the pontomedullary juntion

A

part of pons where it meets medulla oblongata

24
Q

where does the facial nerve (VII) emerge from

A

pontomedullary junction

25
Q

where does the vestibulocochlear nerve (XIII) emerge from

A

pontomedullary junction

26
Q

where does the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) emerge from

A

medulla oblongata

27
Q

where does the vagus nerve (X) emerge from

A

medulla oblongata

28
Q

where does the spinal accessory nerve (XI) emerge from

A

medulla oblongata

29
Q

where foes the hypoglossal nerve (XII) emerge from

A

medulla oblongata

30
Q

what does the ventral part of the midbrain relate to

A

motor

31
Q

what does the dorsal aspect of the midbrain relate to

A

sensory

32
Q

what separates the ventral and dorsal aspects of the midbrain

A

cerebral aqueduct

33
Q

what do the superior colliculi and inferior colliculi make up together

A

corpora quadrigemina

34
Q

what do the superior colliculi do

A

relay input from the optic tract to the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus

35
Q

what do the inferior colliculi do

A

send information to the medial geniculate bodies of the thalamus

36
Q

what is the reticular activating system

A

present throughout the brainstem and it is involved in sleep wake cycles

37
Q

three nuclei types of the midbrain

A
  • red nuclei
  • nuclei of cranial nerves III & IV
  • substantia nigra
38
Q

what are the red nuclei

A
  • contain numerous blood vessels
  • receive information from cerebellum and cerebrum
  • issues subconscious motor commands concerned with muscle tone and posture
39
Q

what is the substantia nigra

A
  • lateral to the red nucleus
  • contains melanin
  • seceretes dopamine to inhibit the excitatory neurons of the basal nuclei
40
Q

what happens when there is degeneration of the substantia nigra

A

parkinsons

41
Q

what do the motor tracts of the midbrain do

A
  • includes fibres of pyramidal system
  • pass downward on midbrain’s ventral surface
42
Q

what do sensory axons in midbrain do

A
  • include those from spinothalamic tract
  • ascend along dorsal midbrain
43
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles also called

A

crus cerebri

44
Q

what are the cerebral peduncles

A

efferent projections including corticobulbar and corticospinal axons

45
Q

what four cranial nerve nuclei are found in the pons

A
  • trigeminal (V)
  • abducens (VI)
  • facial (VII)
  • vestibulocochlear (VIII)
46
Q

nuclei of pons

not cranial nerves

A
  • apneustic and pneumotaxic centres work with medulla to maintain respiratory rhythm
  • raphe nuclei
  • reticular activating system
47
Q

tracts of the pons

A
  • superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
  • motor and sensory tracts (sensory fibres are always posterior to motor fibres)
48
Q

what are the cerebellar peduncles

A

tracts that process and relay information to and from the cerebellum

49
Q

what are the nuclei of the medulla associated with

A
  • autonomic control
  • cranial nerves
  • sensory/motor relays
50
Q

three types of nuclei present in medulla

A
  • autonomic nuclei
  • sensory and motor of 5 cranial nerves
  • relay nuclei
51
Q

three types of autonomic nuclei

medulla

A
  • cardiovascular centres
  • respiratory rhythmicity centres
  • additional centres
52
Q

what do cardiovascular centres do

A
  • alter rate and force of contractions
  • alter tone of vascular smooth muscle
53
Q

what do respiratory rhythmicity centres do

A

recieve input from pons to control respiratory rhythm

54
Q

additional centre examples

medulla autonimic nuclei

A
  • emesis
  • deglutition
  • coughing
  • hiccupping
  • sneezing
55
Q

what four cranial nerves have their nuclei in the medulla

A
  • glossopharyngeal (IX)
  • vagus (X)
  • spinal accessory (XI)
  • hypoglossal (XII)
56
Q

what are the relay nuclei

A
  • nucleaus gracilis and nucleus cuneatas pass somatic sensory information to thalamus
  • olivary nuclei relay information from spinal cord, cerebral cortex and brainstem to cerebellar cortx
57
Q

what tracts are present in the medulla

A

ventrally, 2 ridges (medullary pyramids) are visible
these are formed by the large motor corticospinal tracts

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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