Ventilation Flashcards
What are the 2 membranes surrounding the lungs
The inner (visceral) pleura lines the lungs
The outer (parietal) pleura connects the lungs to the rib cage
How many lobes does the right lung have
3
How many lobes does the left lung have
2
What is pulmonary ventilation
The moving of air in and out of the lungs
What is external respiration
Gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
What is the respiratory gas transport
Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide via the bloodstream
What is the internal respiration
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells in systemic capillaries
What is Ppl
The pleural pressure - pressure between the two pleurae
At the beginning of inspiration what is Ppl
Negative
What is PA
Alveolar pressure
What is PB
Atmospheric air pressure (barometric)
what type of process is inspiration
An active process
What is the recoil pressure
After air enters the lungs there is a difference between PA and Ppl
Process of pulmonary ventilation
As air enters the lungs are stretched and Ppl becomes negative causing the PA to become negative causing a rush of air into the lungs
After air enters the lungs there is a difference between PA and Ppl and is a measure of the force required to collapse the unit at the beginning of expiration
What type of process is expiration
A passive process
Which muscles are used during inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
External intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Which muscles are used during expiration
Internal intercostal muscles
External and internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Diaphragm
What does the external intercostal muscles do during inspiration
Pulls ribs up and out
What does the diaphragm do during inspiration
Contracts
What does the sternecleidonmastoid do during inspiration
Elevates the sternum moving up and out
What does the pectoralis minor do during inspiration
Elevates the ribs
What does the diaphragm do during expiration
Relaxes forcing air out
What does the posterior internal intercostal muscles do during expiration
Pull ribs down and inward
What does the abdominal organs do during expiration
Force diaphragm higher
What does the abdominal wall muscle do during expiration
Contracts and compresses abdominal organs
What do macrophages do during gaseous exchange
Adds protection
What coats the alveolar surfaces
Surfactant coats gas exposed alveolar surfaces
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood
In the plasma as bicarbonate ion
A small amount is carried inside red blood cells on haemoglobin but at different binding sites to oxygen
What does the oxygen dissociation curve represent
The amount of oxygen saturation bonded to haem in blood needed for various processes
What are the 2 common diseases of lungs classified into
Obstructive and restrictive
What happens with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)
Narrowing of airways making expiration more difficult
What happens with asthma
Characterised by attacks of shortness of breath coughing and wheezing due to allergens
List 5 aging effects of the respiratory tissues
Elasticity of lungs decreases
Vital capacity decreases
Blood oxygen levels decrease
Stimulating effects of carbon dioxide decreases
More risks of respiratory tract infection
What is the respiratory rate of newborns
40-80 respirations per minute
What is the respiratory rates in infants
30 respirations per minute
What is the respiratory rate for age 5
25 respirations per minute
What is the respiratory rate for adults
12-18 respirations per minute
What happens to the respiratory rate during old age
The rate often increases
