Urology

Question 1

Glomerular Damage

Answer 1

Causes= Abs to BM, vessel damage, protein deposition

Get Nephrotic Syndrome

Question 2

Nephrotic Syndrome

Answer 2

Oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia

Causes= membranous nephopathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, myeloma

Question 3

Tubular Damage

Answer 3

Causes= hypotension, vessel damage, toxins, deposition of crystals or protein

Question 4

Vascular Damage

Answer 4

Causes= microvascular thrombi, vasculitis, DM, atheroma

Question 5

Acute Nephritis

Answer 5

Oedema, haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, AKI

Causes= Post infective glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, HUS

Question 6

AKI

Answer 6

Anuria, high creatinine, high urea

Causes= low BP, obstruction

Question 7

CKD

Answer 7

Reduced GFR as less nephrons
Causes= DM, reflux, glomerulonephritis
Get bone disease, oedema and increased toxins

Question 8

Pyelonephritis

Answer 8

Upper UTI
Treatment= cefuroxime and ciprofloxacin
Piperacillin and tazobactam if older

Question 9

Pre-Renal Oliguria

Answer 9

Increased sodium, urea and creatinine
Reduced GFR
High ADH
Renin secreted
Low renal perfusion

Question 10

Renal Oliguria

Answer 10

Increase plasma and urine sodium, urea and creatinine

Causes= tubular necrosis, chronic infection, SLE, toxins

Question 11

Stones

Answer 11

Calcium due to hypercalcaemia, sarcoidosis, gout
Struvite due to urease-producing bacteria increasing pH
Urate= due to gout
Cystine= kidneys can’t reabsorb aas

Question 12

Clear Cell Cancer

Answer 12

Well-defined

Spreads to fat and veins

Question 13

Papillary Cancer

Answer 13

Cystic

Cuboidal foamy cells

Question 14

Urothileal Cell Cancer

Answer 14

More in bladder

Question 15

BPH

Answer 15

Nodular hyperplasia
Impaired cell death
From central glands
Caused by androgens

Question 16

Prostate Cancer

Answer 16

Peripheral area first

Scored via Gleeson

Question 17

Testicular Cancer RFs

Answer 17

Cancer in other testicle, cryptorchidism, hernia, hydrocele

Question 18

Seminoma

Answer 18

Enlarged and painful
Get mets
Elevated PLAP and hCG
Lobulated nuclei

Question 19

Teratoma

Answer 19

Ecto, endo and mesoderm
Commoner in younger
Gradual swelling
Benign before puberty, malignant after
No markers

Question 20

Epididymoorchitis

Answer 20

Infarction of seminiferous tubules

Purulent exudate

Question 21

Granulomatous Orchitis

Answer 21

Mass full of histiocytes, plasma cells+ lymphocytes

Get UTI, trauma and flu symps

Question 22

Malakoplasia

Answer 22

Brown nodules

Large histiocytes

Question 23

Testicular granuloma

Answer 23

Giant cell reaction to sperm

Question 24

Primary Testicular Failure

Answer 24

Due to klinefelter, cryptochoridism, haemochromatosis, mumps, CF, traums

Question 25

Secondary Testicular Failure

Answer 25

Due to pituitary failure, drugs, obesity and age

Question 26

Urethral Normal Flora

Answer 26

Coag -ve Staph
Gram +ve cocci
Entero

Question 27

Cystitis

Answer 27

Abacterial= urethral syndrome (caused by hormones or chemicals)
Treatment= trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin

Question 28

Sterile Pyuria

Answer 28

Pus cells but no organisms

Causes= e coli, staph sapro, proteus, enterococcus, klebsiella