Urology Flashcards
Glomerular Damage
Causes= Abs to BM, vessel damage, protein deposition
Get Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephrotic Syndrome
Oedema, proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia
Causes= membranous nephopathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, minimal change disease, myeloma
Tubular Damage
Causes= hypotension, vessel damage, toxins, deposition of crystals or protein
Vascular Damage
Causes= microvascular thrombi, vasculitis, DM, atheroma
Acute Nephritis
Oedema, haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, AKI
Causes= Post infective glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, HUS
AKI
Anuria, high creatinine, high urea
Causes= low BP, obstruction
CKD
Reduced GFR as less nephrons
Causes= DM, reflux, glomerulonephritis
Get bone disease, oedema and increased toxins
Pyelonephritis
Upper UTI
Treatment= cefuroxime and ciprofloxacin
Piperacillin and tazobactam if older
Pre-Renal Oliguria
Increased sodium, urea and creatinine Reduced GFR High ADH Renin secreted Low renal perfusion
Renal Oliguria
Increase plasma and urine sodium, urea and creatinine
Causes= tubular necrosis, chronic infection, SLE, toxins
Stones
Calcium due to hypercalcaemia, sarcoidosis, gout
Struvite due to urease-producing bacteria increasing pH
Urate= due to gout
Cystine= kidneys can’t reabsorb aas
Clear Cell Cancer
Well-defined
Spreads to fat and veins
Papillary Cancer
Cystic
Cuboidal foamy cells
Urothileal Cell Cancer
More in bladder
BPH
Nodular hyperplasia
Impaired cell death
From central glands
Caused by androgens
Prostate Cancer
Peripheral area first
Scored via Gleeson
Testicular Cancer RFs
Cancer in other testicle, cryptorchidism, hernia, hydrocele
Seminoma
Enlarged and painful
Get mets
Elevated PLAP and hCG
Lobulated nuclei
Teratoma
Ecto, endo and mesoderm Commoner in younger Gradual swelling Benign before puberty, malignant after No markers
Epididymoorchitis
Infarction of seminiferous tubules
Purulent exudate
Granulomatous Orchitis
Mass full of histiocytes, plasma cells+ lymphocytes
Get UTI, trauma and flu symps
Malakoplasia
Brown nodules
Large histiocytes
Testicular granuloma
Giant cell reaction to sperm
Primary Testicular Failure
Due to klinefelter, cryptochoridism, haemochromatosis, mumps, CF, traums
Secondary Testicular Failure
Due to pituitary failure, drugs, obesity and age
Urethral Normal Flora
Coag -ve Staph
Gram +ve cocci
Entero
Cystitis
Abacterial= urethral syndrome (caused by hormones or chemicals) Treatment= trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin
Sterile Pyuria
Pus cells but no organisms
Causes= e coli, staph sapro, proteus, enterococcus, klebsiella
