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Integrated > Cardiology > Flashcards

Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

Angina

A

Can be stable, variant or unstable

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2
Q

Acute Coronary Syndrome

A

MI or unstable angina

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3
Q

MI

A

Neutrophils and macrophages go to infarcted area

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4
Q

Hypertension

A

Primary= ANS or RAS dysfunction
Secondary= CKD, Conn’s, Cushing’s, phaechromocytoma
Risk calculated by Framingham score

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5
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

High aldosterone

Sodium and water retention

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6
Q

RAS System

A

Renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (changed to II in lungs)
Angiotensin stimulates aldosterone

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7
Q

Left Heart Failure

A 
Causes= high BP, vascular disease, MIs
Symps= irritability, stupor, coma, dyspnoea, orthopnoea, PND, cyanosis, sputum
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8
Q

Right Heart Failure

A 
Causes= LHF, cor pulmonale (high lung BP)
Symps= hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, ascites, effusions, oedema, fatigue
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9
Q

Mitral Stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease

Causes= group A strep, inflam, pericarditis, vegetations, calcifications, fused valves

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10
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A

Causes= LV hypertrophy, ischaemia, hypertension, CHF, angina

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11
Q

Aortic Regurgitation

A

Causes= rheumatic, infections, aortic dilations

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12
Q

Mitral Prolapse

A

Flappy valve
Causes= infection, calcification, degeneration
Symps= click, chest pain, dyspnoea
Comps= endocarditis, insufficiency, arrhythmias, death

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13
Q

Left to Right shunts

A

No cyanosis

Pulmonary hypertension

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14
Q

Atrial Septal Defect

A

LtoR
Primary= next to AV valves
Secondary= defective fossa ovale
Sinus venosus= next to sup vena cavae

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15
Q

Ventricular Septal Defect

A

LtoR
Mostly membranous septum
If muscular, have many holes

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16
Q

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

A

Shunts either way if pressure equalises
Harsh murmur
Needs closing

17
Q

AV Septal Defect

A

LtoR
Defective valves
Partial or complete
Associated with Down’s

18
Q

Right to Left Shunts

A

Get cyanosis

19
Q

Truncus Arteriosus

A

RtoL
Aorta+pulmonary artery continuous
Associated with VSD

20
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A 
RtoL
VSD
Pulmonary Stenosis
Overriding Aorta
RV Hypertrophy
21
Q

Transposition of Great Arteries

A

RtoL
Aorta goes to lungs, PA goes to body
Need shunt, ASD, VSD or PDA to survive

22
Q

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

A

RtoL
Pulmonary vein goes into wrong place
Often as small left atrium
Need PFO or VSD to survive

23
Q

Coarctation of the Aorta

A

Bad if proximal to PDA

50% have bicuspid aortic valve

24
Q

Pulmonary Stenosis/Atresia

A

Hypoplastic right ventricle with ASD

25
Q

Infective Endocarditis

A 
Acute= necrotising, ulcerative, cured with surgery
Sub-acute= deformed valves, cured with abx
RFs= abnormalities, rheumatism, fake valves
Bacteria= strep viridans from mouth, s aureus, coag -ve staph
Comps= glomerulonephritis
26
Q

Non-Infective Endocarditis

A

Causes= SLE, hypercoaguable state, trauma, catheter

27
Q

Rheumatic Fever (endocarditis)

A

Causes= group A strep, pharyngitis, inflam
Aschoff bodies= transmural lesions
Get mitral stenosis
Comps= mural thrombi, RV hypertrophy

28
Q

Pericarditis Causes

A

Infections (coxsackie)
SLE
Post MI

29
Q

Acute Pericarditis

A

Serou, supparative, haemorrhagic (cancer, infections, surgery) or caseous (TB or fungal)

30
Q

Chronic Pericarditis

A

Adhesive or constrictive

31
Q

Dressler’s Syndrome

A 
Post MI (AI response to Ags)
Get pericardial effusion
32
Q

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

A

Causes= genetics, alcohol, chemo, SLE, DM

Can die from LVF, arrhythmias or emboli

33
Q

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A 
Myocytes lose arrangement
Genetic
Low SV
Systolic ejection murmur
Treatment= beta blockers, surgery
34
Q

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

A

Decreased ventricular competence

Causes= unknown, fibrosis, sarcoidosis, cancer

35
Q

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular

A

Genetic
Affects desmosomes
RV dilation and thin myocardium

36
Q

Myocarditis

A

Causes= coxsackie, Chagas, echoviruses, HIV, post viral, rheumatic fever, SLE, sarcoidosis

37
Q

Vasculitis

A

Causes= giant cell arthritis
Get chronic granulomatous infection
Thick intima
Need corticosteroids

38
Q

Aneurysms

A

Micro syphilitic= intracerebral capillaries
Mycotic= weak wall due to infection
False= blood fills around vessel

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