Microbiology

Question 1

What are Beta Lactams?

Answer 1

Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Carbapenems, Monobactams

Question 2

How do Beta Lactams kills bacteria?

Answer 2

Interfere with the enzymes making peptidoglycans

Need to be taken frequently

Question 3

Cephalosporin examples

Answer 3

Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime (broad)

Question 4

Carbapenem examples

Answer 4

Meropenem (very broad)

Question 5

Penicillin examples

Answer 5

Penicillin, methicillin, ampicillin (narrow)

Question 6

Monobactam examples

Answer 6

Aztreonam (narrow)

Question 7

What do glycopeptides do?

Answer 7

Bind to NAM to stop peptidoglycan cross binding

Question 8

What do glycopeptides kill?

Answer 8

Gram +ve bacteria

Question 9

Glycopeptide example

Answer 9

Vancomycin

Question 10

How do aminoglycosides work?

Answer 10

Bind to 30s ribosomes to stop protein synthesis
Need high peaks
Aerobic

Question 11

Aminoglycoside example

Answer 11

Gentamicin

Question 12

What are MLS?

Answer 12

Macrolides, Lincosamides and Stretogramins which bind to 50s ribosomes

Question 13

MLS examples

Answer 13

Clarithromycin/azithromycin/erythromycin (M), Clindamycin (L)

Question 14

What are tetracyclines?

Answer 14

Bind to 30s ribosome and inhibit RNA translation

Question 15

What are oxazolidinones?

Answer 15

Inhibit protein synthesis at 50s to kill gram +ve

Question 16

Oxazolidinone example

Answer 16

Linezolid

Question 17

DNA Synthesis Inhibitors

Answer 17

Quinolones, fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin), trimethoprim

Question 18

RNA Synthesis Inhibitors

Answer 18

Prevents mRNA synthesis e.g. rifampicin

Question 19

Plasma Membrane Destroyers

Answer 19

Colistin (gram +ve), Daptomycin (gram -ve)

Question 20

C Diff

Answer 20

High risk= cephalosporins and clindamycin
Med Risk= ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin
Treatment= metronidazole or vancomycin

Question 21

Resistance Mechanisms

Answer 21

Reduced permeability, drug efflux, target alteration, enzymic degradation