GI

Question 1

Oesophagitis

Answer 1

Causes= reflux, corrosion, microbes, hernia
Basal cell hyperplasia, elongated papillae
Comps= ulcers, haemorrhage, perforation, stricture

Question 2

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Answer 2

Due to chronic reflux
Proximal extension of squamo-columnar junction
Premalignant

Question 3

Adenocarcinoma of Oesophagus

Answer 3

RFs= smoking, obesity, Barrett’s

Can be plaques, nodular, ulcers or invasive

Question 4

Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Oesophagus

Answer 4

RFs= alcohol, smoking, HPV, trauma, black, diet
Lower
Get mitoses

Question 5

Gastritis

Answer 5

Rfs= smoking, alcohol, drugs, chemo, infection, ischaemia, shock, reflux
Chronic= AI, H pylori, NSAIDs

Question 6

Ulcers

Answer 6

Goes into submucosa
Acute= necrosis of mucosa and granulation tissue
Chronic= bleeding, granulation, scarring

Question 7

Stomach Cancer

Answer 7

Causes= diet, H pylori, genes, reflux

Mostly adenocarcinoma

Question 8

Diverticula

Answer 8

Outpocketings of mucosa+ submucosa
Between mesenterics or taenia coli
Causes= increased pressure, age
Musclaris propria thickens
Comps= diverticulosis, perforation, haemorrhage, fistula, stricture

Question 9

Colitis

Answer 9

Acute= infective, abx, drugs, ischaemia, radiation
Chronic= IBD, ischaemia, diverticula, infective

Question 10

UC

Answer 10

RFs= OCP, genetics, Crohn’s
Comps= toxic megacolon, performation, haemorrhage, cancer, strictures
Granuler red mucosa
Crypt abscesses and polyps

Question 11

Crohn’s

Answer 11

RFs= smoking, OCP, UC, genetics
Comps= toxic megacolon, perforation, haemorrhage, fistula, strictures, cancer
Cobblestone appearance
Get ulcers, inflam and granulomas
Can get retinitis, fatty liver, stones, anaemia and vasculitis

Question 12

Polyps

Answer 12

Hyperplastic= benign, multiple
Juvenile= pedunculated, large, increased cancer risk
Peutz-Jeghers= AD, painful, bleeds, many

Question 13

Colon Adenoma

Answer 13

Polypoid and pedunculated

Flat, large and dysplastic

Question 14

Malignant Colonic Tumours

Answer 14

Adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, large cell, adenosquamous, neuroendocrine, medullary
Spread to liver, lung, peritoneum

Question 15

Duke’s Staging

Answer 15

A= confined, no nodes
B= through wall, no nodes
C= nodes involved
D= distant mets

Question 16

Gastroenteritis

Answer 16

Comps= AKI, salmonella, guillain-barre, HUS
Parasites= giardia, entamoeba, cryptosporidium
Bacteria= e coli, c perfringens, campylobacter, E coli EHEC (HUS, lose chloride)

Question 17

Commensal Flora

Answer 17

Bacteroides, e coli, enterococcus faecalis

Question 18

Intra-Abdominal Infections

Answer 18

Stomach sterile
Duodenum= few anaerobes and candida
Colon= anaerobes, enterobactericeae, gram +ve cocci
Treatment= metronidazole