Urogenital Physiology

Question 1

Prior to the surge of LH during the ovarian cycle, what stage of meiosis is the oocyte kept in?

Answer 1

Meiosis Prophase 1

Question 2

What androgens do the ovaries produce?

Answer 2

Andostendiol Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Testosterone

Andostendiol

*they do not produce DHEAs

Question 3

How many hours prior to ovulation does a surge of LH start to happen?

Answer 3

36 hours

Question 4

What factor promotes release of Follicle cells?

Answer 4

KIT ligand

Question 5

What factors promote follicles to start maturing that are independent of FSH?

Answer 5

BMP4

BMP7

Question 6

What are the three main stages of spermatogenesis?

Answer 6

Proliferative stage - mitosis of the spermagonia stem cells

Meiosis - production of haploid cells from the primary spermocytes

Spermiogensis - differential process of the sperm

Question 7

What are the types of Spermagonia cells? and which order do they differentiate into?

Answer 7

Type A dark >

Type A pale >

Type B

4 divides of Type B

Question 8

At what stage during spematogenesis does crossing of the Blood - Testi - barrier happen?

Answer 8

Primary Spermocyte formation

Question 9

What occurs during meiosis stage of spermatogenesis?

Answer 9

Primary Spermocyte - meiosis prophase I.

Secondary Spermocyte - completion of meiosis II

Spermatid formation

Question 10

What cells in males produce testosterone? How is this stimulated?

Answer 10

Leydig

through stimulus of LH

Question 11

What stimulates Sertoli Cells to stimulate spermatogensis?

Which is the greatest?

Answer 11

FSH

Testosterone

Peritubular Myloid cells

Testosterone - is the greatest

Question 12

In males what is the cell that produces a negative feedback to the pituitary? via which hormone?

Answer 12

Sertoli cells

via Inhibin

Question 13

What are the two phases of the uterine changes during the menstrual cycle?

Answer 13

Proliferation Phase

Secretory Phase

Question 14

What occurs during the proliferation phase in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 14

Increased Stroma

Elongation of uterine glands

Growth of spiral arteries

Question 15

What part of the endometrium is lost during the sloughing of it?

Answer 15

Stratum Functionalis

Stratum spongiosum
Stratum Compactum

Question 16

At what stage is the meiosis of the ooctye arrested at after ovulation?

Answer 16

Metaphase II in Meiosis II

Question 17

When is meiosis completed in the ooccyte?

Answer 17

After fertilisation

Question 18

What is the cremasteric reflex

Answer 18

stroking of the inner thigh gently will induce the creamster muscle to elevate the testes on that side.

Question 19

What hormone promotes vasculirasiation of the uterus?

Answer 19

Oestrogen

Question 20

What are man made material that increases the flexibility of poly vinyls?

Answer 20

Phthalates

Question 21

Whats the effects of exposure to phthalates during utero development?

Answer 21

Disruptions to Leydig cells = reduced testosterone = decreased spermatogensis

Question 22

What is Diethylstilbestrol?

Answer 22

Synthetic oestrogen that is banned that was giving during the pregnancies in the 70s. increased risk of child later developing genital cancer.

Question 23

In males what is the negative feedback to the hypothalamus?

Answer 23

Testosterone to the hypothalamus.

Inhibin only reduces effect on anterior pituitary

Question 24

What contracts to prevent retrograd ejaculation?

Answer 24

Internal Sphincter

Question 25

How much do the adrenal glands contribute to androgen production in females and what is androgen they exclusively produce?

Answer 25

50 %

Sulfated DHEA

Question 26

What does the sperm bind with to trigger the acrosome reaction?

Answer 26

ZP-3 glycoprotein on the zona pellucida

Question 27

What are the reactions that are carried out by the oocyte when it is fertilised to prevent other sperm from binding?

Answer 27

Immediate reaction - depolarises the cell which inhibits other sperm from binding.

Long Reaction - release of corticol granules which cause hydrostatic changes in the periviteline space - hardening the zona pellucida.

granules also cause down regulation of ZP-3 - thus sperm can’t bind and be activated.

Question 28

What is the biggest difference between secretory phase to proliferative phase?

Answer 28

More coiled arteries

Bigger glands

Question 29

Along the semiferous tubules, what would you find in difference in regards to spermatogenesis?

Answer 29

Spermatogensis occurs in waves along the tubule - cross section will show different levels of associated cells.

Question 30

What is a clinical condition associated with stroma of prostate?

Answer 30

Fibromuscular

Question 31

What gland produces an alkaline solution in the semen?

Answer 31

Seminvesical glands

Question 32

What cells in the follicles respond to which hormones?

Answer 32

Granulosa respond to FSH

Theca cells respond to LH

Question 33

What is a good example of positive feedback in the ovarian cycle?

Answer 33

The high levels of eostradiol trigger surge of LH release

Question 34

In females, what does inhibin reduce secretion of? and what does it not?

Answer 34

Reduces FSH but not LH

Question 35

When does the oocyte complete meiosis 1 by?

Answer 35

36 prior to ovulation in sync with LH surge.

Question 36

Why does the corpus luteum degenerate?

Answer 36

Due to inhibin being produced which continues to suppress FSH and LH (less degree) resulting in no stimualtion for the corpus luteum to continue

Question 37

What is a spermatid? and when is it formed?

Answer 37

Haploid cell formed after meiosis of the spermocytes II

Question 38

What does a spermatid become and what is the process called in doing this?

Answer 38

Spermatozoa

Spermiogensis