Urogenital Physiology Flashcards
Prior to the surge of LH during the ovarian cycle, what stage of meiosis is the oocyte kept in?
Meiosis Prophase 1
What androgens do the ovaries produce?
Andostendiol Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Testosterone
Andostendiol
*they do not produce DHEAs
How many hours prior to ovulation does a surge of LH start to happen?
36 hours
What factor promotes release of Follicle cells?
KIT ligand
What factors promote follicles to start maturing that are independent of FSH?
BMP4
BMP7
What are the three main stages of spermatogenesis?
Proliferative stage - mitosis of the spermagonia stem cells
Meiosis - production of haploid cells from the primary spermocytes
Spermiogensis - differential process of the sperm
What are the types of Spermagonia cells? and which order do they differentiate into?
Type A dark >
Type A pale >
Type B
4 divides of Type B
At what stage during spematogenesis does crossing of the Blood - Testi - barrier happen?
Primary Spermocyte formation
What occurs during meiosis stage of spermatogenesis?
Primary Spermocyte - meiosis prophase I.
Secondary Spermocyte - completion of meiosis II
Spermatid formation
What cells in males produce testosterone? How is this stimulated?
Leydig
through stimulus of LH
What stimulates Sertoli Cells to stimulate spermatogensis?
Which is the greatest?
FSH
Testosterone
Peritubular Myloid cells
Testosterone - is the greatest
In males what is the cell that produces a negative feedback to the pituitary? via which hormone?
Sertoli cells
via Inhibin
What are the two phases of the uterine changes during the menstrual cycle?
Proliferation Phase
Secretory Phase
What occurs during the proliferation phase in the menstrual cycle?
Increased Stroma
Elongation of uterine glands
Growth of spiral arteries
What part of the endometrium is lost during the sloughing of it?
Stratum Functionalis
Stratum spongiosum
Stratum Compactum
At what stage is the meiosis of the ooctye arrested at after ovulation?
Metaphase II in Meiosis II
When is meiosis completed in the ooccyte?
After fertilisation
What is the cremasteric reflex
stroking of the inner thigh gently will induce the creamster muscle to elevate the testes on that side.
What hormone promotes vasculirasiation of the uterus?
Oestrogen
What are man made material that increases the flexibility of poly vinyls?
Phthalates
Whats the effects of exposure to phthalates during utero development?
Disruptions to Leydig cells = reduced testosterone = decreased spermatogensis
What is Diethylstilbestrol?
Synthetic oestrogen that is banned that was giving during the pregnancies in the 70s. increased risk of child later developing genital cancer.
In males what is the negative feedback to the hypothalamus?
Testosterone to the hypothalamus.
Inhibin only reduces effect on anterior pituitary
What contracts to prevent retrograd ejaculation?
Internal Sphincter
How much do the adrenal glands contribute to androgen production in females and what is androgen they exclusively produce?
50 %
Sulfated DHEA
What does the sperm bind with to trigger the acrosome reaction?
ZP-3 glycoprotein on the zona pellucida
What are the reactions that are carried out by the oocyte when it is fertilised to prevent other sperm from binding?
Immediate reaction - depolarises the cell which inhibits other sperm from binding.
Long Reaction - release of corticol granules which cause hydrostatic changes in the periviteline space - hardening the zona pellucida.
granules also cause down regulation of ZP-3 - thus sperm can’t bind and be activated.
What is the biggest difference between secretory phase to proliferative phase?
More coiled arteries
Bigger glands
Along the semiferous tubules, what would you find in difference in regards to spermatogenesis?
Spermatogensis occurs in waves along the tubule - cross section will show different levels of associated cells.
What is a clinical condition associated with stroma of prostate?
Fibromuscular
What gland produces an alkaline solution in the semen?
Seminvesical glands
What cells in the follicles respond to which hormones?
Granulosa respond to FSH
Theca cells respond to LH
What is a good example of positive feedback in the ovarian cycle?
The high levels of eostradiol trigger surge of LH release
In females, what does inhibin reduce secretion of? and what does it not?
Reduces FSH but not LH
When does the oocyte complete meiosis 1 by?
36 prior to ovulation in sync with LH surge.
Why does the corpus luteum degenerate?
Due to inhibin being produced which continues to suppress FSH and LH (less degree) resulting in no stimualtion for the corpus luteum to continue
What is a spermatid? and when is it formed?
Haploid cell formed after meiosis of the spermocytes II
What does a spermatid become and what is the process called in doing this?
Spermatozoa
Spermiogensis
