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Medicine 2 > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the approx diameter of the fenestration vessels in the adrenal glands?

A

7 micrometers - just large enough to allow RBC through

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2
Q

Where does the Medulla of the adrenal glands receive blood supply from internally?

A

First from the capillaries and sinusoids of cortex

Second from arterioles passing from the capsule to the medulla

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3
Q

The neurosectrory cells of the medulla show a difference in colour staining to the rest, what is this called?

A

Vulpian reaction

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4
Q

In the islets - what is the most common cell type at 70%?

A

Beta cells

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5
Q

The blood supply through the pancreas passes through the endocrine then into exocrine cells - how does this influence exocrine?

A

The exocrine will receive relatively high concentrations of the hormones released. If hormones of insulin are high this then may influence the uptake/ synthesis of exocrine pancreatic enzymes.

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6
Q

What used to synthesis the cholesterol into progesterone?

A

Pregnenolone

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7
Q

Where are Chief cells found and what do they secrete?

A

Parathyroid

PTH

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8
Q

What maintains the homeostasis of calcitonin?

A

PTH

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9
Q

Where is calcitonin secreted from?

A

Parafolicular cells of the thyroid

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10
Q

What controls the synthesis and break down of thyroglobulin?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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11
Q

Where does the thyroid develop from, and what type of tissue is it?

A

thyroglossal duct from the floor of the pharaynx

endodermal

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12
Q

What organelle is thyroglobulin produced in?

A

R.E.R

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13
Q

What are the cells that produce TSH and what do they stain?

A

Thyrotrophs - basophilic

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14
Q

What are the acidophils of the pituitary?

A

Somatotrophs

Lactotrophs

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15
Q

What are the basophilics of the pituitary?

A

Corticotroph

Gonadotrophs

Thyrotrophs

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16
Q

What is the marker of thyroid downgrowth on the back of the tongue?

A

Foramen Caecum

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17
Q

What is the name of the transporter that brings Iodide into the follicular cells?

A

Sodium Iodide symporter

18
Q

What are the hormones T3 and T4 secreted out the follicular cell by?

A

Mono-Carboxylate transporter

19
Q

What is the main transporter of thyroid hormones?

A

Thyroxine binding globulin

20
Q

Outline the hypothalamic pituitary axis:

A

hypothalamus: Thyroid releasing hormone

Thyrotropes: thyroid stimulating hormone

21
Q

What breaks down T4 into T3?

A

5’Deiodination by 1 deiodinase

22
Q

What receptor responds to Thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

Thyrotropin Receptor

23
Q

What does Ca2+ bind to in the enterocyte? and where it is stored?

A

Calbindin

In the rough E.R

24
Q

Why does there need to be adjustments for albumin when measuring Ca2+

A

Off the Ca2+ in the blood 47% of is in free ionised form.
However we can only measure the total Ca2+

therefore - if low albumin we need to take this into account as the level of free Ca2+ may not actually be down

25
Q

How does Vit D help with absorption of Ca2+?

A

Increases Calbindin and Ca2+/ATPase activity

26
Q

Why if a patient has low Mg2+ may it affect calcium levels?

A

Mg2+ is essential for normal PTH release. as such if calcium levels are low and PTH needs to be released it may not be correctly.

27
Q

What cells produce calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells

28
Q

What’s the enzyme that converts 25OHD into 1,25OHD? and where is it found?

A

1-alpha hyroxylase.

In the PCT of kidneys

29
Q

Where does the medulla of the adrenal gland develop from and what germ cell layer?

A

Neural crest cells

Ectoderm

30
Q

Where does the cortex of the adrenal gland develop from?

A

Primitive mesothelium

Mesoderm

31
Q

The capsule of the adrenal is surrounding by what?

A

Perinephric fat

32
Q

Whats unique the medullary vein in the adrenal medulla?

A

sporadic layering of smooth muscle

33
Q

What controls CRH?

A

Environmental factors:

  • stress
  • illness
  • time of day - morning its most
34
Q

The Steroid receptor family is made up of sub-units, what are they and what do they do?

A

A/B - control gene expression

C - DNA binding

D - Hinge points that control movement to the gene

E - Ligand binding

F - C terminal

35
Q

Does cortisol cause break down of glycogen?

A

No - it may even promote synthesis of it

36
Q

What does cortisol do to insulin?

A

Supresses its release

37
Q

What kind of receptor does ACTH bind to? and how does it work?

A

G -protein - promotes cAMP levels causing Ca2+

this up-regulates the enzymes needed for hormone production

38
Q

What receptor is Angiotensin II on the adrenal glands?

A

G - protein - increases Phospholipase C

39
Q

What kind of receptor is Thyroid stimulating receptor?

A

G - protein. Adenly cyclase cAMP levels

40
Q

Where are the islet cells more numerous in the pancreas?

A

Body and tail

Medicine 2 (28 decks)

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