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Medicine 2 > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the standard 16 carbon fatty acid found in the diet?

A

Palmitate

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2
Q

What enzymes are activated by insulin in the liver?

A

Glucokinase

Glycogen synthase

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3
Q

What enzymes are inhibited by insulin in the liver?

A

Glycogen Phosphorylase

Glucose -6 - Phosphotase

Phosphophenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Pyruvate carboxylase

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4
Q

What is the incretin effect and what enzymes are released?/

A

release of G.I hormones that stimulate insulin release

Glucagon like peptide -1

Gastric inhibitory peptide

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5
Q

What enzyme stimulates the formation of glycerol?

A

Dihydroxyacteone - 1

DHAP

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6
Q

What hormones are needed for the formation of TAGs via vLDL?

A

Lipoprotein lipase - breaks fatty acids off the vLDL

Diaglycerol Acyl Transferase (DGAT)
- reforming the fatty acids with glycerol in the adipocyte

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7
Q

What is the enzyme that reverses PFK-1?

A

Fructose 1,6 Bisphosphotase

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8
Q

What is the committed step in the pentose pathway?

A

Glucose - 6 - Phosphate being dehydrogenated by:

Glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

What does Glycogen synthase use for its production?

A

G-6-P is turned into Glucose - 1 - phosphate

this is then activated into UDP glucose by G-1-P Uridlytrasnferase

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10
Q

Why can’t muscles contribute to blood glucose levels?

A

They lack Glucose-6-phosphates and thus are unable to remove the phosphate keeping the glucose in the cell.

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11
Q

What determines whether a glucose molecule is Alpha or Beta?

A

Where the hydroxy group is located on carbon 1.

If below it is alpha formation

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12
Q

What bond does fructose have?

A

Alpha 1-2 Glycosidic bond

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13
Q

What are the different type of starch structures and how do they affect digestion? with examples.

A

Type A - Latice structure with high surface area - easily digestible: wheat.

Type B - Helical structure - low surface area difficult to digest: Potato starch

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14
Q

Some cooking methods and storage methods cause starch to take on a helical structure which make it completely indigestible. what is this called?

A

Retrograde starch

turning type A into type B

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15
Q

What happens to carbohydrates that are not digested in the small intestine?

A

Within the first half of the colon, bacteria ferment them into short chained fatty acids, which can be exchanged for HCO3-

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16
Q

How do GLUT receptors differ form SGLT receptors?

A

GLUT allow glucose in down its concentration gradient

SGLT - force glucose against its concentration gradient

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17
Q

What GLUT receptors can carry fructose?

A

GLUT 2 and GLUT 5

18
Q

What are the theoretical fates of glucose?

A

To be used by the cell for energy

Glycogen formation

Pentose pathway

Used to make triglycerides

Formation of glycoproteins - this is a small %

19
Q

What is the yield from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

2 NAHD+

2 Pyruvate

4 H+

20
Q

Between what reactions do you get the ATP production during Glycolysis?

A

1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate - 3 Phosphoglycerate (x2)

Phosphophenolpyruvate - Pyruvate acid (x2)

21
Q

What is the committed step for glycolysis?

A

PFK-1

22
Q

What is the yield from Krebs cycle? and how does this equate to ATP production from one glucose?

A

3 NADH+ (x2)

1 GTP (x2)

1 FADH+ (x2)

24 ATP - taking into account both split molecules off the glucose molecule

23
Q

How ATP does one glucose molecule yield?

A

36 ATP

24
Q

What is the pentose pathway important for?

A

NADPH production - reductive abilites

Ribose - 5 - phospahte - DNA and RNA synthesis

25
Q

In order for glycogen to be formed, what must happen to Glucose - 6 - phosphate and what enzyme achieves this?

A

converted to glucose - 1 - phosphate

phospho- glucomutase

26
Q

What enzyme reverses hexokinase/ Glucokinase activity? and where is it found and what up-regulates it?

A

Glucose - 6 - phosphatase.

expressed in R.E.R

  • Glucagon
  • adrenaline
  • cortisol
27
Q

What are the two enzymes needed to reverse pyruvate?

A

[Pyruvate Carboxylase] creating Oxaloacetate which is then converted to Phosphophenopyruvate via:

[Phosphophenopyruvate Carboxykinase]

28
Q

What protein kinase does insulin work through?

A

Protein kinase B

29
Q

How does Glucagon work intracellularly?

A

Increases cAMP levels. induces PKA

30
Q

What is fasting glucose level normally? and what are levels post prandial?

A

4-5mmol

8-12mmol

31
Q

What are the functions of insulin in adipose tissue?

A

Supress lipolysis

Increase GLUT 4 and fatty acid synthesis

32
Q

What does DGAT stand for and when is it used?

A

Diacylglycerol acyl transferase

Used to convert Fatty acids into triglycerides

33
Q

What is the target of orlistat?

A

Pancreatic lipases and colic lipsases

34
Q

What is the fate of triglycerides and fatty acids?

A

Storage - adipose tissue

Beta - oxidation

Ketone production

Phospholipid production

35
Q

How much ATP does a 16 carbon fatty acid (Palmitate) produce?

A

106 ATP

36
Q

What are the two key regulatory hormones in fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetly CoA carboxylase

Fatty Acid synthesis

37
Q

What does Acetly CoA carboxylase need in order to produce malonyl CoA

A

Biotin

ATP

CO2

38
Q

Where does the enzyme fatty acid synthesis work? and what does it require?

A

Cytosol of the cell

NADPH - derived from pentose pathway

39
Q

What are the major ketones produced?

A

Acetoacetate

Acetone

Beta - hydroxybutyrate

40
Q

Name two essential fatty acids?

and why are they important?

A

w- 3

w- 6

precursors for: eicosanoids and prostanoids - pro-inflammatory responders

Decrease LDL

**high levels may also lower HDL

41
Q

What 3 main areas does insulin regulate triglyceride production?

A

Up-regulates GLUT 4

Acetyl CoA Carboxylase enzyme

Lipoprotein lipase

42
Q

What occurs to the lipoprotein lipase activity during the fed state in muscles and cardiac tissue?

A

Activity goes down - the tissues don’t need fatty acids within the cells for energy

Medicine 2 (28 decks)

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