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Medicine 2 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two broad types of memory and what do they include?

A

Explicit:

  • episodic
  • semantic

Implicit:
- tactile

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2
Q

Working memory, what areas are included?

A

Central Executive: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Visual Sketch pad: Non dominant parieto-occipital lobe

Phonological store: dominant perisylvian areas and inner ear

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3
Q

What important circuit is involved in episodic memory and what does it consist off?

A

Circuit of Papez:

Mallilary bodies, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus, hipocampus

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4
Q

What circuits make up the Mesocorticolimbic pathway?

A

Mesolimbic pathway:
Ventral Tegmentum Area to the nucleus accumbens

Mesocortical pathway:
VTA to the cortex

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5
Q

Where is dopamine released from?

A

Substania nigra pars compacta

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6
Q

What are the types of ways neurons can increase signal intensity?

A

Spatial Summation:
- increasing the number of fibres activated

Temporal summation:
- increase rate of action potential firing

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7
Q

Where is CFS produced and what type of epithelium does it?

A

Choroid plexuses within the lateral and third ventricles.

Ependymal cells - cubodial epithelium

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8
Q

What enzyme breaks down the catecholamines, including dopamine?

A

Monoamine Oxidase

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9
Q

What amino acid does dopamine derive from and what is its precursor before being fully formed?

A

L-Tyrosine

L-DOPA

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10
Q

What is serotonin’s precursor?

A

Tryptophan

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11
Q

What is included in the monoamines?

A
  • ACh
  • Catecholamines (dopamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline)
  • serotonin
  • histamine
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12
Q

What are the reaction that occur during the triple response?

A

Red line - dilation
flare - Axon response
Wheal - dilation around due to histamine

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13
Q

What is a specific biomarker only found in CFS that can be used for diagnostic purposes?

A

Beta - 2 - transferrin

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14
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single somatic lower motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

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15
Q

What sized diameter does neurons supplying smooth muscle have?

A

Small diameter

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16
Q

What muscle is used to test the blowing out of cheeks?

A

Orbicularis Oris.

*note it is a missconception that it is the buccinator. Actually to carry out this movement requires the tightening of the lips which the orbicularis oris achieves.

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17
Q

Outwith motor function of the facial muscles, what other functions does the facial nerve have?

A

Sensory taste to anterior 2/3rd of tongue

autonomic:
- secretion of saliva from sublingual and submandibular
- lacrimal glands = tear formation

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18
Q

What nerve innervates the parotid gland?

A

Glosopharngeal

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19
Q

What cells carry out mylination in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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20
Q

How do motor neurons differ from sensory neurons?

A
  • they are always mylinated
  • transmission from CNS to PNS
  • multipolar
  • cell body within grey mater
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21
Q

What is the steps involved in pupillary light reflex?

A

Optic tract to midbrain.

Pretectum to Edinger Westphal nuceli - which contains parasympathetic fibres of Crn III

To cililary ganglion for post ganglionic fibres which innervate pupillary constriction

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22
Q

What is consensual light reflex?

A

Where the pupil constricts when the light is shone into the other eye

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23
Q

Where is oxytoncin made?

A

Hypothalamus

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24
Q

Compression of the spinal cord to cause loss of sensation below the umbilicus would suggest what level has been injured?

A

T10

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25
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract is responsible for which kind of movement?

A

Skilled voluntary movement

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26
Q

Which tract carries pressure sensation?

A

Spinothalamic

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27
Q

What area in the brain is concerned with co-ordination of speech?

A

Broca’s area. - frontal lobe

Damage gives aphasia

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28
Q

What area allows for comprehension of speech?

A

Wernicke’s area - supra-posterior temporal lobe

usually on the left

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29
Q

A stroke that causes aphasia has affected which artery?

A

Middle cerebral

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30
Q

What are the endogenous opioids?

A

Enkephalins

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

Dynorphins

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31
Q

What are the opioid receptors?

A

Mu
Kappa
Delta

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32
Q

What are the families of dopamine and what do they contain? and their action?

A

D1 Family:
d1 and d5 receptors.
Stimulatroy G - proteins that increase cAMP levels

D2 Family:
d2,3,4 receptors.
Inhibitory G proteins - decrease cAMP levels.

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33
Q

Where is the principle site of noradrenaline production in the brain?

A

Locus Coeruleus

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34
Q

In attention and alertness what role does dopamine play?

A

Enhancement of signals - namely from the mesocortical pathway

Improves attention

more cognitive and behaviour appropriateness to task

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35
Q

In attention and alertness what role does noradrenaline play?

A

Increases the ability to remain focused

Reduces noise of other stimuli

Inhibitory of other sensory stimuli

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36
Q

What are the otolith organs and what is their functions?

A

Utricle - detects acceleration, deceleration

Saccule - Sensing which way the body is up and falling motion

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37
Q

Which nuclei and which part are assoiciated with the vestibular occular reflex?

A

medial Vestibuli nuclei

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38
Q

What are the main receptors for glutamate?

A

NMDA

AMPA

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39
Q

What mediates Sematic memory?

A

Basal ganglia and other sub-cortical structures

40
Q

What mediates episodic memory?

A

Mainly by the hippocampus

41
Q

In the dorsal lemincus pathway, there is media branches that come off into the grey matter, what do they do?

A

Involved in spinal reflexes

Gate theory

Spinocerebellar tracts

42
Q

What does Kinesthesia mean?

A

awareness of one’s body in space through the sensory organs - via proprioception

43
Q

What is the cerebral perfusion equation?

A

Cerebral perfusion = MAP - ICP

44
Q

Does the CFS contain red blood cells?

A

No.

45
Q

What are important functions of the superior colliculi?

A

They are the origin of the tectospinal pathway - which predominantly synapse in the scalene muscles of the neck - allowing response to visual stimuli

Contain pre-tectal nuclei - important for pupillary light reflex

important area for projecting from the lateral geniculate to the occulomotor nuclei

46
Q

Where do the meninges derive from?

A

Mesoderm

47
Q

What is the Arcuate Nucleus?

A

Store of dopamine important for the Tuber-infunidubal system

48
Q

What are the two major types of voluntary movements?

A

Ballistic movement - based on pre-programmed motor functions. little room for adjustment. Fast acting

Pursuit movements: Constantly updated by sensory information, allows for accuracy and adjustment. Slow acting

49
Q

What area is predominantly activated when practising a movement in you’re head?

A

Supplementary motor area

50
Q

What are the main functions of the basal ganglia?

and what mainly feeds into it?

and where is its primary output?

A

initiation of the movement and supressing other movements

Planning complex movements

Mainly fed by the pre-frontal cortex

and output is to the pre-motor cortex

51
Q

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

and what is its main input?

and whats its main output?

A

co-ordination and smooth execution of movements

learning of movements and error detection

Main input is the primary somatosensory cortex

Output is primary motor cortex

52
Q

What is the meaning of Kinathesia?

A

Awareness to the limbs of:

  • movement
  • speed of movement
  • direction of movement

*it is essentially the movement of limb awareness

53
Q

What are the most important receptors for proprioception?

A

Joint receptors
cutaneous receptors
Golgi tendon organs
muscle spindles

54
Q

What are the four main mechanoreceptors in the skin and what is the adaptation rates?

A

Meissner’s Corpuscles - Rapid adapting

Pacinan Corpuscle - Rapid adapting

Merkel Corpuscle - Slowly adapting

Ruffini endings - Slowing adapting

55
Q

What ascending pathway do the mechanoreceptors use?

A

Dorsal leminicus

56
Q

What is another name for the spinothalamic tract?

A

Antro-lateral tract

57
Q

What type of fibres are cold fibres? and are the rapidly adapting or slow adapting

A

A delta - Slowly adapting

58
Q

What is the pathway for discriminative touch? especially two point discrimination.

A

Dorsal lemniscus pathway

59
Q

What transmits non-discriminative touch, innocuous thermal and nociceptive sensations?

A

spinothalmic pathway

60
Q

With repeated noxious stimuli what can occur to the nerves and what is this clinically called?

A

Sensitization - where the nerves become easier to fire off - probably due to inflammatory meditators.

Hyperalgesia

61
Q

What factors make up the blood barrier?

A

Tight junctions of the epithelial cells

Reduced expression of receptors for substances - thus fewer things are allowed to pass by pinocytosis or endocytosis

Pericytes - forming strong seal around

Astrocyte foot projections circulating the vessels

62
Q

When controlling muscle contraction force, what mechanisms are used?

A

Summation - adding together of individual twitches to make the intensity of the muscle contraction increase.

achieved by:
- multiple fibre summation - size principle (small diameter neurons first)

  • frequency summation - increased action potentials leading to tetanization
63
Q

During the Jaw Jerk reflex - what is the pathways and why is tested?

A

Afferent pathway via V3 of trigeminal.

slightly opened mouth is tapped on chin, afferent rely back to motor nuclei of trigeminal sending signals to the masseter muscle to protrude chine up

64
Q

What is resting membrane of a neuron potential?

A

-65mV

65
Q

How does the sympathetic system stimulate the adrenal medulla? and what does it predominantly release?

A

The adrenal medulla is essentially the ganglion of the sympathetic nervous system.

Pre-ganglionic symapthetic nerve fibres stimulate via the release of ACh binding to nicotonic receptors on the chromoafin cells (as if they were ganglions).
this promotes the release of noradrenaline and adrenaline

66
Q

What are sweat glands acted upon by?

A

They are acted upon by post ganglionic symapthetic fibres which are unique in that they react to ACh

67
Q

How do photoreceptors respond to light?

A

Become hyperpolarised

the decomposition of rhodospin causes release of phosphodiestarase which reduces cGMP levels causing Na2+ to stop entering the cell and as a result hyperpolarises

68
Q

What kind of receptor is GABA?

A

G protein

69
Q

How is muscle contraction intiatial increased?

A

increased temporal summation followed by spatial summation

70
Q

Which pain fibres have a high threshold?

A

A Delta

71
Q

What is the main Ion associated with pain?

A

H+

note the question is ion not neurotransmitter

72
Q

Which motor area is most responsible for sequencing events?

A

Pre-motor area

73
Q

What is the cerebellar vermis main function?

A

Posture maintenance and head position

74
Q

What two features lead to cogwheel spascicity?

A

Rigidity and tremor

75
Q

How many rami are there?

A

124 (62 either side)

76
Q

What is the filum terminalis?

A

Thickened pia mater at the conus medullaris

77
Q

Which area in the brain recieves dual blood supply and what are the vessels?

A

Primary visual cortex.

Middle and posterior cerebral

78
Q

What is mullers muscle?

A

Smooth muscle associated with keeping the eyelid open. supplied by sympathetic activation.

assocaited with horner’s syndrome.

79
Q

Define attention:

A

A global cognitive process encompassing multiple sensory modalities operating over multiple sensory domains

Domain specific Attention: can also be domain specific if needed - to a particular sensory input such as visual

80
Q

How can attention be sub-dived?

A

Arousal - state of wakefulness

Vigilance - maintaining attention over a period of time

Divided attention - Responding to more than one task at hand

Selective attention - blocking out other sensory stimuli and remaining focused to one task

81
Q

What makes up the Ascending reticular activating system?

A

Brain stem nuclei

Thalamic nuclei

Cortex nuclei

82
Q

Which hemisphere is the visual sketch pad found?

A

Non - dominant

83
Q

Semantic memory is stored in the temporal lobes, what is the order of information in there?

A

Ventral = visual
Dorsal lateral = non visual

Anterior = complex 
Posterior = non complex
84
Q

How do you test semantic memory?

A

General knowledge questions

fluency - name as many animals

naming objects

85
Q

What is curare?

A

ACh antagonist

86
Q

Where is the action potential started on the axon?

A

Axon Hillock

87
Q

What are two forces influencing movement of

ions across membranes?

A

Electrical gradient

Concentration gradient

88
Q

What is the membrane equilibrium potential?

what equation can be used to calculate this?

A

The charge at which the electrical gradient and concentration gradient are balancing each other out, resulting in no net movement of ions.

nernst equation

89
Q

What are the figures for Na2+ and K+ levels intra cellularly and extracellularly?

A

Na2+ = 145: 12

K+= 5: 150

90
Q

What brings back the normal membrane potential after action potential?

A

Na2+/ K+ ATPase

91
Q

Define reflex and give an example

A

Involuntary sterotyped reaction to stimulus

Tendon jerk

92
Q

How does spatial summation influence action potentials?

A

increases the graded summation to cause action potentials

93
Q

What is it called when one neuron sends a signal which transmits to multiple neurons?

A

Divergence

94
Q

What is it called when collection of neurons collective group towards one neuron, and give an example of when this is active?

A

Convergence

used in memory when various stimuli can lead to the same neuron firing for that particular memory

95
Q

How does the myelin shealth increase conductivity?

A

reduces loss of current out the cell and allows for saltatory conduciton

96
Q

What is the term in which the sum of multiple electrical stimulus can result in action potential arriving?
and what is the opposite of this?

A

Excitatory postsynpatic potential

Medicine 2 (28 decks)

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