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Medicine 2 > Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Through which pathways do most the cortex motor impulses descend?

A

Lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts and the corticobulbar tracts

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2
Q

What arteries arise from the internal carotid?

A

Anterior cerebral, ophthalmic artery, middle cerebral, posterior communicating artery

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3
Q

What is meant by somatotopic localisation?

A

Certain regions of the nervous system mediate neurological function in certain parts of the body

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4
Q

What are the ridges on the surface of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

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5
Q

What is the principle nucleus within the cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Dentate Nucleus

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6
Q

What makes up the striatum?

A

Caudate

Putamen

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7
Q

What does the tectum differentiate into on the midbrain?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

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8
Q

What does the inferior colliculi serve as?

A

Auditory relay route heading to the thalamus

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9
Q

What two important nuclei are located in the tegmentucm of the midbrain?

A

Substantia nigra

Red nucleus

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10
Q

What is the cerebral aquaduct a good landmark for identifying?

A

Midbrain

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11
Q

Where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

cerebellum, pons and medulla

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12
Q

What do the pons and cerebellum derive from?

A

Metencephalon - off the hindbrain

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13
Q

What does the medulla derives off?

A

myelencephalon

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14
Q

Where do the hypoglossal nuclei derive from?

A

Medulla

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15
Q

What is found within the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

3rd venticle

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16
Q

What cells produce the Myelin around the optic nerve and why?

A

Oligodendrocytes - as it is within the meniges and thus is part of the CNS.

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17
Q

Where is the artery of Adamkiewicz found? and what type of artery is it?

A

usually of the left intercostal supplies the lower thoracic and upper lumber regions. supplying 1/3rd of the lower spinal cord.

Segmental medullary artery

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18
Q

Where are the weakest areas of blood supply to the spinal cord?

A

T4 and L1

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19
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Global Pallidus and Putamen

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20
Q

What type of epithelium lines the choroid plexus?

A

Simple Cuboidal epithelium with microvilli

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21
Q

What makes up the corpus striatum?

A

Caudate
Putamen
Globus Pallidus

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22
Q

What area produces glutamate?

A

Subthalamic nuclei

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23
Q

What makes up the Basal Ganglia?

A

Corpus Striatum
Sub-thalamic nuclei
Substantia nigra
thalamus

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24
Q

What is the role of amygdala?

where is it found?

A

Part of the Limbic system it is involved with

  • emotional responses
  • behaviour
  • long term memory

Medial temporal lobe

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25
Q

Which hemisphere is Broca’s area usually located?

A

Left hemisphere

26
Q

Where are the facial and vestibulocochlear nuceli predominantly located?

A

Pons

27
Q

What enters in through the infra-orbital fissure?

A

Branch off the Maxillary nerve after it passes through the foramen rotundum

28
Q

What is the nuclei involved in localisation of sound?

A

Superior olivary nuclei

29
Q

What nerve supplies Mylohoid and anterior belly of diagastric?

A

V3 of trigeminal

30
Q

What passes through the venous cavernous sinus?

A

Carotid artery

Occulomotor
abducens
Trochlear

V1, V2 of trigeminal

31
Q

Where do the nerve roots pass in respect to the vertebrae?

A

C1-7 pass ABOVE

C8 - Coc1 pass BELOW

32
Q

What is the supracristal plane and where does it lie?

A

It is the transverse plane of the beginning of the pelvis and iliac crest.

Between body of L4

33
Q

Where is a lumbar puncture done?

A

Between L3/4 or L4/5

34
Q

What does the limbic system consist of? and what does it do?

A 
Thalamus 
Hypothalamus 
cingulate gyrus 
amygdala 
basal ganglia 
hippocampus

Regulates emotional response and memory - influencing higher centres and lower centres.

35
Q

What does the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus make up?

A

Corpus Striatum

36
Q

Where is the corticobulbar axons located in the internal capsule?

A

Genu of the internal capsule

37
Q

Where are the sensation axons in the internal capsule located?

A

Posterior of posterior limb

38
Q

Where are the corticospinal axons located in the internal capsule and what is there tomography of the body?

A

Posterior limb - arranged with head nearest genu and feet at the posterior

39
Q

What artery does the posterior inferior cerebellar artery derive off?

A

Vertbral artery

40
Q

What two arteries does the occulomotor run between?

A

Posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar artery

41
Q

What structure separates the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar?

A

Tentorium cerebellar

42
Q

What is the femoral nerve, nerve roots?

A

L2-L4

43
Q

Where do the fibres for penile erection come off?

A

Parasympathetic for erection - S2-4

44
Q

Where do the fibres for ejaculation come from?

A

Sympathetic T11 - L2

45
Q

What do the dorsal Rami of the spinal nerves supply?

A

Vertebral column

Deep muscles of the back

Skin over the back

46
Q

What do the anterior rami of the spinal nerves supply?

A

The trunk of the body

They make up the major plexuses

supply the limbs

47
Q

How do the pre-ganglionic nerve fibres reach the sympathetic chain?

A

Via the anterior Ramus projection of the spinal nerve.

They then pass off the anterior ramus via: Rami Communications

48
Q

What is the name of the ligament that secures the spinal cord in place against the motion of the vertebral column?
where do they attach?
how many are there?

A

Denticulate ligament

From the pia matter to the arachnoid and dura

21 pairs

49
Q

What does the cillary body consist off?

A

Ciliary muscles

Ciliary processes

50
Q

What is the anatomical location where the cornea becomes joins with the sclera and is there any clinical reference to this area?

A

Corneal Limbus

Place of corneal neoplastic growth

51
Q

What does the anterior cavity of the eye consist of? and where are these located?

A

Anterior chamber - in front of iris

Posterior chamber - behind iris

52
Q

What humour is found in the anterior chamber? - where does it come from and where does it drain?

A

Aqueous humor secreted from the ciliary epithelium

Drained via the canal of schlemm

53
Q

What fluid is present in the vitreous body of the eye?

A

Vitreous humor

54
Q

What nerve is being tested in the Jaw jerk reflex?

A

Cranial V

55
Q

What is the transparent canal running throught he vitreous body of the eye?

A

Hyaline canal - invagination of the hyaline artery

56
Q

Discuss the distribution of the symapathetic nerve supply to the eye.

A

Hypothalamus - 1st order

T1 intermediate - 2nd order

superior cervical ganglion - 3rd order

then through carotid plexus, then nasociliary, long ciliary
another branch comes off to the short ciliary

57
Q

What is the clivus?

A

most anterior section of the occipital bone that slopes down towards the magnum foramen
- the brain stem lies along it

58
Q

What is the major ligament that stablises the dens in the foramen magnum?

A

Cruciate ligament

59
Q

What is the pre-ganglion fibres that enter the communicating rami to the sympathetic chain?

A

White rami fibres

60
Q

where does the subarachnoid space end?

A

S2

61
Q

Name the layers of the retina starting from the outside. give reference to the cells involved.

A

Pigmented - RPE

Rods and cones

outer limiting membrane - Muller cells

Outer neural layer - cell bodies of Rods and cones

Outer plexiform - projections of rods and cones and Bipolar axons. Formed by Horizontal cells

Inner neural layer - cell bodies of bipolar cells

Inner plexiform - projections of bipolar and ganglion cells. Formed by Amacrine cells

Ganglion cell layer

Ganglion axons/ retinal

Outler limiting membrane - muller cells

Medicine 2 (28 decks)

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