Annoying last things Flashcards
The combined pill prevents pregnancy by not only providing negative feedback for FSH and LH and producing cervical mucous but also…?
Prevents implantation due to poor proliferation of the endometrium
What is thought to promote ovulation with regard to LH surge?
Expansion of antrum and release of prostagladins E2 and F2 increasing breakdown of graafian follicle
What is Tunica albuginea?
Serous membrane surrounding the testes
What is considered oligospermia?
<10million
Where does the hyposgastric plexus nerve to the bladder originate?
T10 - L2
What is the various lengths of the male urethra?
prostatic - 4cm
Membranous - 2 cm
Spongy - 15 cm
What muscle aids in the last drop of urine?
Bulbospongious muscle
What are the eosiniphilic hyaline proteins found in the prostate?
Corpora amyleaca
What is the histology of the prostate?
Glandular columnar epithelium surrounded by muscular stroma tissue
What does the prostate secrete?
Citrate
Acid phsophatases
digestive clots and clotting proteins
Calcium
Which male reproductive gland secretes prostagladins?
semenviscles
What virus causes shingles?
Herpes Zoster
In the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum newly formed proteins have glucose on them which is removed by an enzyme - what is the enzyme name? and how many glucose molecules does it remove at first and why is this?
Glucosidase
Removes all but one - which allows chaperons (calnexin) to bind.
Which sub unit of the prosteosomes secretes proteolytic enzymes?
Beta sub-unit
Outline the sorbitol pathway
glucose > Sorbitol via Aldose reductase
Sorbitol > fructose via Sorbitol dehydrogenase
MMSE - components:
- Orientation to time:
* testing hippocampus and medial temporal - Orientation to place:
* Usually testing Retrograde. also temporal frontal - Registration: (apple, penny, table)
* testing working memory (PFC) and Wernickes and Brocas - Attention and calculation (-7)
* testing PFC, parietal on dominant and cingulate gyrus - Recall: (apple penny table)
* testing ability to learn. Hippocampus - Naming (pencil, watch)
* testing wernickes and brocas - Repetition: (no ifs ands or buts)
* testing brocas and weirnkes - Comprehension: (folding paper and place on floor)
* testing left parietal and temporal for memory - Reading (close eyes and do it)
* testing left parietal - Writing
* left parietal and temporal - Drawing: (pentagons)
* Right parietal (non dominant) and basal ganglia
What tests proprioception?
Romberg’s test
- standing still for 30 seconds followed by them closing their eyes to stop the vestibular system as their eyes have nothing to fix upon.
In the stages of the model of change, name them along with clinical advice in each part;
Pre-contemplation:
- Motivational without pressure. pressure = resistance
- Maintain patients independence
Contemplation:
Same as before but more motivation
Preparation:
- Give advice
- suggest ideas
- support the ready patients that are ready
- set goals with them
Action:
same as above and
- build confidence
Maintenance:
- coping strategies
- build confidence
Relapse:
- help to figure what happened
- learning
Gene associated with Parkinson’s disease and what kind?
PARK 1-11
Early onset
What is the precusor protein to lewy bodies?
Alpha synuclein
What is prevalence?
Total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time.
Calculation: total number of cases of disease / population
What is sensitivity?
Ability to detect the disease if present. Percentage of correct positive results. i.e. those identified as having a disease that actually did.
What is specificity?
Ability to detect disease is not present. that is the number of people that were correctly identified as not having the disease within a negative result.
What is PPV?
Probability that if a person has the disease if the result is positive
What is NPV?
Probability someone does not have the disease if the result is negative.
Outline some changes that occur in the adolescent brain:
Synaptic pruning
Myelination
Pre-frontal development
Increased activity of mesolimbic system - seeking new rewards
Amygadala development - emotional responses
Increased neural plasticity
List some associated pathologies with alcoholism:
G.I:
- Oesphageal tears - vomiting
- GORD
- Nutrient deficiency
Pancreas:
- acinar atrophy
- pancreatitis
- fibrotic changes to ducts
Liver
Blood pressure increase
CVA increase
Nervous system:
- Neuropathy
- cerebellar atrophy
- hydrocephalus - ventricles enlarge
- drunk punch syndrome
Bones
- osteoporosis
What are the steps of bilirubim production from the reticular endothelial system?
Pyphorin ring > Biliverdin via Haem Oxygenase enzyme
Biliverdin > unconjugated bilirubin via Biliverdin Reductase
What is agnosia?
Inability to interrupt sensory input - resulting in non recognition of objects
What is apraxia?
Difficulty carrying out motor tasks due to parietal damage. The patient understands the request but is unable to programme to carry it out
Enzyme that is up-regulated in metbaolic acidosis?
glutaminase
Lack of proteases leads to increased proteins within the G.I. what is the biggest risk with this?
Entero infections
What caueses relaxation of the gallbladder and closure of the sphincter of oddi?
VIP
What level does SMA come off at?
L1
What level does the coaliac artery come off at?
T12
What type of dementia can’t receive anti-psychotics?
Lewy Body dementia
Where is AST found?
In the mitochondria of many cells, including lungs, skeletal muscle and liver. therefore it is non specific to liver
Where is ALT found?
IN the cytosol of liver. Although found in other cells it is not very active and is therefore relatively specific to liver.
Where is GGT found? and why does it rise in alcoholics?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Due to it being forced out the S.E.R for alcohol metabolism by the M.E.O.S
Where is ALP founx in relation to the liver?
Bile Canniculi membrane. - therefore back pressure causes pressure on it to be released as seen in blockage
Tests to demonstrate kidney disease outside of blood results?
Urine analyse
Ultrasound
Blood pressure
Where do B cells mature?
Spleen
Where in the prostate are cancers most likely to develop?
Peripheral zone
What are the internal skeletons of the lymph nodes made out of?
Epithelial Reticular cells - type IV collagen
How does mumps affect sperm production?
Disrupts the blood testi barrier?
What does the limbic system consist of?
Cingulate gyrus
Hipocampus
Fornix
Amygdala
Mamallary bodies
Prefrontal and orbital cortex
Prior to sending someone to the sexual health clinic for infertility, what can be done in the GP?
Progesterone levels at day 21 to show there was ovulation
STI test
What type of protein is Ras?
G - protein intra-cellulary
Beck triad?
Associated with depression:
Negative view on life
Negative future about the future
Negative about themselves
What is the hereditary rate in ADHD?
75%
How many people develop depression in their life?
20%
Where does depression rate in the cause for disability?
4th biggest cause
