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Medicine 2 > Annoying last things > Flashcards

Annoying last things Flashcards

1
Q

The combined pill prevents pregnancy by not only providing negative feedback for FSH and LH and producing cervical mucous but also…?

A

Prevents implantation due to poor proliferation of the endometrium

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2
Q

What is thought to promote ovulation with regard to LH surge?

A

Expansion of antrum and release of prostagladins E2 and F2 increasing breakdown of graafian follicle

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3
Q

What is Tunica albuginea?

A

Serous membrane surrounding the testes

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4
Q

What is considered oligospermia?

A

<10million

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5
Q

Where does the hyposgastric plexus nerve to the bladder originate?

A

T10 - L2

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6
Q

What is the various lengths of the male urethra?

A

prostatic - 4cm

Membranous - 2 cm

Spongy - 15 cm

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7
Q

What muscle aids in the last drop of urine?

A

Bulbospongious muscle

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8
Q

What are the eosiniphilic hyaline proteins found in the prostate?

A

Corpora amyleaca

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9
Q

What is the histology of the prostate?

A

Glandular columnar epithelium surrounded by muscular stroma tissue

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10
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

Citrate

Acid phsophatases

digestive clots and clotting proteins

Calcium

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11
Q

Which male reproductive gland secretes prostagladins?

A

semenviscles

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12
Q

What virus causes shingles?

A

Herpes Zoster

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13
Q

In the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum newly formed proteins have glucose on them which is removed by an enzyme - what is the enzyme name? and how many glucose molecules does it remove at first and why is this?

A

Glucosidase

Removes all but one - which allows chaperons (calnexin) to bind.

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14
Q

Which sub unit of the prosteosomes secretes proteolytic enzymes?

A

Beta sub-unit

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15
Q

Outline the sorbitol pathway

A

glucose > Sorbitol via Aldose reductase

Sorbitol > fructose via Sorbitol dehydrogenase

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16
Q

MMSE - components:

A
  1. Orientation to time:
    * testing hippocampus and medial temporal
  2. Orientation to place:
    * Usually testing Retrograde. also temporal frontal
  3. Registration: (apple, penny, table)
    * testing working memory (PFC) and Wernickes and Brocas
  4. Attention and calculation (-7)
    * testing PFC, parietal on dominant and cingulate gyrus
  5. Recall: (apple penny table)
    * testing ability to learn. Hippocampus
  6. Naming (pencil, watch)
    * testing wernickes and brocas
  7. Repetition: (no ifs ands or buts)
    * testing brocas and weirnkes
  8. Comprehension: (folding paper and place on floor)
    * testing left parietal and temporal for memory
  9. Reading (close eyes and do it)
    * testing left parietal
  10. Writing
    * left parietal and temporal
  11. Drawing: (pentagons)
    * Right parietal (non dominant) and basal ganglia
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17
Q

What tests proprioception?

A

Romberg’s test

  • standing still for 30 seconds followed by them closing their eyes to stop the vestibular system as their eyes have nothing to fix upon.
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18
Q

In the stages of the model of change, name them along with clinical advice in each part;

A

Pre-contemplation:

  • Motivational without pressure. pressure = resistance
  • Maintain patients independence

Contemplation:
Same as before but more motivation

Preparation:

  • Give advice
  • suggest ideas
  • support the ready patients that are ready
  • set goals with them

Action:
same as above and
- build confidence

Maintenance:

  • coping strategies
  • build confidence

Relapse:

  • help to figure what happened
  • learning
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19
Q

Gene associated with Parkinson’s disease and what kind?

A

PARK 1-11

Early onset

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20
Q

What is the precusor protein to lewy bodies?

A

Alpha synuclein

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21
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Total number of cases of a disease in a population at a given time.

Calculation: total number of cases of disease / population

22
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

Ability to detect the disease if present. Percentage of correct positive results. i.e. those identified as having a disease that actually did.

23
Q

What is specificity?

A

Ability to detect disease is not present. that is the number of people that were correctly identified as not having the disease within a negative result.

24
Q

What is PPV?

A

Probability that if a person has the disease if the result is positive

25
Q

What is NPV?

A

Probability someone does not have the disease if the result is negative.

26
Q

Outline some changes that occur in the adolescent brain:

A

Synaptic pruning

Myelination

Pre-frontal development

Increased activity of mesolimbic system - seeking new rewards

Amygadala development - emotional responses

Increased neural plasticity

27
Q

List some associated pathologies with alcoholism:

A

G.I:

  • Oesphageal tears - vomiting
  • GORD
  • Nutrient deficiency

Pancreas:

  • acinar atrophy
  • pancreatitis
  • fibrotic changes to ducts

Liver

Blood pressure increase

CVA increase

Nervous system:

  • Neuropathy
  • cerebellar atrophy
  • hydrocephalus - ventricles enlarge
  • drunk punch syndrome

Bones
- osteoporosis

28
Q

What are the steps of bilirubim production from the reticular endothelial system?

A

Pyphorin ring > Biliverdin via Haem Oxygenase enzyme

Biliverdin > unconjugated bilirubin via Biliverdin Reductase

29
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to interrupt sensory input - resulting in non recognition of objects

30
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Difficulty carrying out motor tasks due to parietal damage. The patient understands the request but is unable to programme to carry it out

31
Q

Enzyme that is up-regulated in metbaolic acidosis?

A

glutaminase

32
Q

Lack of proteases leads to increased proteins within the G.I. what is the biggest risk with this?

A

Entero infections

33
Q

What caueses relaxation of the gallbladder and closure of the sphincter of oddi?

A

VIP

34
Q

What level does SMA come off at?

A

L1

35
Q

What level does the coaliac artery come off at?

A

T12

36
Q

What type of dementia can’t receive anti-psychotics?

A

Lewy Body dementia

37
Q

Where is AST found?

A

In the mitochondria of many cells, including lungs, skeletal muscle and liver. therefore it is non specific to liver

38
Q

Where is ALT found?

A

IN the cytosol of liver. Although found in other cells it is not very active and is therefore relatively specific to liver.

39
Q

Where is GGT found? and why does it rise in alcoholics?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Due to it being forced out the S.E.R for alcohol metabolism by the M.E.O.S

40
Q

Where is ALP founx in relation to the liver?

A

Bile Canniculi membrane. - therefore back pressure causes pressure on it to be released as seen in blockage

41
Q

Tests to demonstrate kidney disease outside of blood results?

A

Urine analyse

Ultrasound

Blood pressure

42
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Spleen

43
Q

Where in the prostate are cancers most likely to develop?

A

Peripheral zone

44
Q

What are the internal skeletons of the lymph nodes made out of?

A

Epithelial Reticular cells - type IV collagen

45
Q

How does mumps affect sperm production?

A

Disrupts the blood testi barrier?

46
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A

Cingulate gyrus

Hipocampus

Fornix

Amygdala

Mamallary bodies

Prefrontal and orbital cortex

47
Q

Prior to sending someone to the sexual health clinic for infertility, what can be done in the GP?

A

Progesterone levels at day 21 to show there was ovulation

STI test

48
Q

What type of protein is Ras?

A

G - protein intra-cellulary

49
Q

Beck triad?

A

Associated with depression:

Negative view on life

Negative future about the future

Negative about themselves

50
Q

What is the hereditary rate in ADHD?

A

75%

51
Q

How many people develop depression in their life?

A

20%

52
Q

Where does depression rate in the cause for disability?

A

4th biggest cause

Medicine 2 (28 decks)

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