Elicit drugs and Anti-depressants

Question 1

How does MDMA work?

Answer 1

Blocks the uptake of Serotonin and promotes its release from Vesicles

Question 2

How does Cocaine work? and what can be an affect of this?

Answer 2

It blocks mono-amine re-uptake. namely dopamine.
it also blocks noradrenaline and adrenaline.

• symapthetic response

Question 3

How do amphetamines work?

Answer 3

Block dopamine up-take and promote its release from vesicles

Question 4

How do beznodiazepines work?

Answer 4

GABA agonists - cause sedation

Question 5

How do opioids work?

Answer 5

Activate Mu receptors = Modulate pain and cause sedation
Mu receptors also activate the mesolimbic pathway causing reward feedback

Kappa Receptors = Dysphoria

Question 6

What kind of a drug is LSD and how does it work?

Answer 6

Hallucinogen/ psychedelic

Release of 5HT

Question 7

What kind of a drug is mephedrone and how does it work?

Answer 7

A so called “legal high”.

promotes release of noradrenaline and blocks monoamine - uptake including 5HT and dopamine

Question 8

Give examples of Serotonin Noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors/ SNRI’s

Answer 8

Venlafaxine

Duloxetine

Question 9

Give an example of an Mono-oxidase inhibitor:

Answer 9

Pheneizine

Question 10

Name a drug that promotes the release of dopamine and is used for ADHD treatment

Answer 10

Dexamphetamine

Question 11

What is the second line of treatment for ADHD and what is the drug type?

Answer 11

Atomoxetine

Noradreanline Re-uptake inhibitor

Question 12

What is 3rd line for ADHD and what type of drugs are these?

Answer 12

Clonidine

Gaunfacine

Alpha -2 agonists

Question 13

What drugs may be given for Dementia with lewy bodies, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s?

Answer 13

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Question 14

Give three examples of cholinesterase inhibitors:

Answer 14

Donepizil

Rivastigamine

Galantamine

Question 15

What may be given for Alzheimer’s dementia other than cholinesterase inhibitors?

Answer 15

NMDA receptor antagonists

Question 16

Name a NMDA receptor antagonist

Answer 16

Memantine

Question 17

What type of dementia must anti-pychotics not be given too?

Answer 17

Dementia with Lewy bodies - it can make it worse.

Question 18

What drug can be given for alcoholics to discourage drinking? and how does it work?

Answer 18

Disulfiram

Blocks Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Question 19

How many candidates fail the first clinical trial?

Answer 19

70-80%

Question 20

What is a serious toxic effect of carbamazepine?

Answer 20

Steven - Johnson syndrome - toxic epidermal necrolysis

Question 21

Name two pro-drugs commonly used

Answer 21

Codeine

Aspirin

Question 22

What is the pyramid of analgesics? from the bottom

Answer 22

Step 1: NSAIDs/ Paracetamol

Step 2: Codeine, Dihydrocodeine

Step 3: Tramadol

Step 4: Morphine/ Oxycodone/ Pethidine

Question 23

What are the routes of entry into for drugs into the brain?

Answer 23

Blood - IV

Intrathecal - via sub arachnoid

Enteral - drug must be lipophilic to cross

Question 24

What drug can be used to disrupt the blood brain barrier?

Answer 24

mannitol

Question 25

How do Diazepams work?

Answer 25

Allosteric GABA agonists

Question 26

How does opioids cause euphoria?

Answer 26

reduce the disinhibition to the mesolimbic pathway - increasing dopamine firing from the VTA to the nucleus accumbens

Question 27

Give an example of a NSRI:

Answer 27

Venlafaxine

Question 28

What bicarbonate is on the lumen of the PCT and which is inside?

Answer 28

IV on lumen side II is inside

Question 29

What drugs will not cause a change in pupils?

Answer 29

Sedatives

Question 30

What receptors does ketamine work on?

Answer 30

NMDA receptor antagonists

Question 31

What receptor activation will cause anxiolysis and ataxia?

Answer 31

GABA receptor stimulation

Question 32

At what blood alcohol level would euphoria and impaired of balance become notable?

Answer 32

0.08-9

Question 33

At what blood level is coma and death most likely?

Answer 33

0.4 - 0.5

Question 34

What is seen in stimulant toxidrome? and what is a serious effect?

Answer 34

Dilated pupils Elevated body temperature

Question 35

What is seen in serotonin syndrome?

Answer 35

Triad of: - altered mental status - confusion / seizures - autonomic changes - sympathetic drive - neuromuscular effects - clonus, hypereflexia

Question 36

Onset of coacaine? main action and half life?

Answer 36

30 mins onset Blocking uptake of dopamine, NA and 5HT half life 30-90mins

Question 37

Half life of amphetamines

Answer 37

12 hours

Question 38

What are long term side effects of stimulants?

Answer 38

``` Anxiety sleep depreviation Aggression Paranoia cognition effects ```

Question 39

What does cocaine do to platelets?

Answer 39

Increases aggregation

Question 40

What are some major concerns with cocaine?

Answer 40

Strokes

Question 41

Through which neurotransmitter do drugs cause dysphoria? and what receptor is often associated?

Answer 41

Dopamine | Kappa receptors

Question 42

What is the features of opioid toxidrome?

Answer 42

parasympathetic action - pulmonary oedema - seizures

Question 43

What are the common causes of neurological damage in sedatives?

Answer 43

Usually caused by indirect things such as falling. compressive palsies axonal damage

Question 44

What neurotransmitters does angel dust affect?

Answer 44

ACh and dopamine

Question 45

What does Atropa Belladona cause changes in?

Answer 45

ACh

Question 46

Whats long term effects of solvent abuse?

Answer 46

Ataxia diploia Nstagmus coma