urogenital image interpretation SDL

Question 1

label
Left kidney
Right kidney
Urinary bladder
Bladder neck/trigone
Bladder apex/cranial pole
Descending colon
Stomach
Lumber vertebrae 4
Caudal edge of liver
Tail of spleen
Small intestines

Answer 1

Question 2

identify structures. when would you be able to see the uterus on rad

Answer 2

The uterus is not usually visible due to its relatively small size and the superimposition of other soft tissue structures. However, due to the hormonal influence of met oestrus, the uterus in the following radiograph is enlarged and visible.

Question 3

what condition is shown in this radiograph

Answer 3

pyometra

Question 4

when does mineralisation of the fetal skeleton in dogs and cats begin and when is it detectable on radio

Answer 4

day 28
detectable 42-45

Question 5

where is the prostate. what pathologies would result in an enlarged prostate

Answer 5

Inflammation/ infection (prostatitis), neoplasia, abscesses, Para prostatic cysts etc.

Question 6

list conditions that can cause urethral obstruction other than urolithiasis

Answer 6

Urethral spasm, urethral plugs, urethral inflammation (e.g. due to trauma), neoplasia (e.g. transitional cell carcinoma) etc

Question 7

Answer 7

Question 8

identify the urolith. which organ is it in

Answer 8

prostate

Question 9

how can you tell the difference between a urolith and a soft tissue opacity on US in the bladder

Answer 9

Note the difference in the shadowing caused by the much denser, mineralised urolith compared to the ‘soft tissue’ and the bright line as ultrasound waves are reflected from its surface.

Question 10

discuss blader masses

Answer 10

• Soft tissue masses such as neoplasia’s (most commonly transitional/urothelial cell carcinomas) or benign polyps can occur within the bladder.
• Ultrasonographic-ally they are continuous with the bladder wall and must be differentiated from other conditions which can thicken the bladder wall such as cystitis.
• The relative likelihood of each diagnosis can be determined by looking at the location of the mass/ thickening within the bladder, how invasive it appears to be and whether the thickening is focal or throughout the bladder, though this is not fool proof and sampling is often required for an accurate diagnosis
• The next 2 slides contain an ultrasound image of either a Transitional Cell Carcinoma, or cystitis. Which ones do you think is which and why?

Question 11

identify the kidneys

Answer 11

right enlarged