2. Gross anatomy of the non-pregnant female tract P Flashcards
what are the functions of the ovary
- development of female gametes (oocytes)
- production of female sex steroids
what are the regions of the ovary
- cortex : outer parechymatous zone containing follicles and corpora lutea
- medulla : inner vascular zone; rete ovarii in carnivores and ruminants
- stroma : spindle shaped cells that surround the ovarian follicles
how does the follicle develop
- composed of an oocyte surrounded by specialized epithelial cells called granulosa and/or cumulus
- during follicular development the epithelial cells become surrounded by specialized stroma cells (theca) and a fluid filled cavity develops among the epithelial cells
- these cell layers are separated by a basement membrane
what is a primordial follicle
the least developed and most numerous follicles; primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous epithelial granulosa cells
what is a primary follicle
the first developmental stage of a growing follicle; primary oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelial granulosa cells
what is a secondary follicle
granulosa cells proliferate and form a stratified epithelium (multiple layers of granulosa cells)
what is an early antral follicle
characterized by a fluid containing cavity (antrum); theca cells differentiate into 2 layers and are bvious at this stage
what is an antral follicle
the granulosa cells form a thickened mound (cumulus oophorus) which projects into the antrum. the oocyte is often not visible in antral follicle sections
how is the early corpus luteum characterized histologically
- at ovulation the follicular wall composed of the granulosa and thecal cells collapses
- basement membrane breaks down, tissue is remodelled, vessels increase and is transformed into the corpus luteum
this is a cross sectin of the ovary. idetify the cortex, medulla, corpus lutem, antral follicle, pre-antral follicle, and location where primardial and primary follicle might be
below is a cross section of an antral follicle. identify the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca layer, cumulus cells, ovarian surface epithelium and a different follicle
below is a cross section of the corpus luteum. identify the outer edge of the CL, primary follicle and antral follicle.
what cell types in the CL produce progesterone and what are the origins of these cells
Large luteal cells
originate from the granulosa
Theca cells (small luteal) contribute to synthesis of progesterone
what is the uterine tube
extends from the uterus towards the ovaries. it communicates with the uterine cavity (caudal end) and the peritoneal cavity (cranial end)
what are the 3 segments of the uterine tube
- infundibulium (fullen shaped cranial end)
- ampulla (middle segment)
- isthmus (caudal narrow muscular segment)
what are the 3 layers of the uterine tube wall
- serosa (peritoneum outer)
- muscularis (middle)
- mucosa (inner)
how do you tell which region of the oviduct you are viewing
- The proximal part is called the infundibulum, which is flared and ‘fringed’ (fimbriated).
- This leads into a longer, thin walled ampulla, which has primary, secondary and tertiary longitudinal mucosal folds.
- This leads into a short thicker-walled isthmus, which has fewer longitudinal mucosal folds.
the mucosa of the ovarian tube is identified by which characteristics
- the mucosa projects into the lumen as longitudinal folds; blood vessels supply the tubes via the mesosalpinx
- the mucosa is lined by simple of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with ciliated and non ciliated secretory cells
which parts of the uterine tube do these cross sections most resemble
list the 3 segments of the uterus
- horn
- body
- neck (cervix)
list the 3 layers of the uterine wall
- endometrium : mucosa/inner; secretory and suports embryo/pregnancy
- myometrium : muscularis; contractile
- perimetrium : serosa/outer; protective layer
below is a cross section of the uterus. identify the myometrium, endometrium. within the endometrium, identify the luminal epithelium, glands and lumen
in a cow you might also see caruncles which appear as densely packed stromal cells
what is the broad ligament - are there any species differences
Wide sheet of peritoneum supporting the ovaries, uterine tube, horns, body, cervix by suspending them from the dorsolateral body wall, subdivided into 3 structures
- no species differences
what is the mesovarium - are there any species differences
supports the ovaries
- no species differences
what is the mesosalpinx - are there any species differences
Supports the Uterine Tubes; May store fat in the bitch
what is the mesometrium. are there any species differences
supports the uterine horns, body and cervix
- no species differences
where are the ovaries - are there species differences
bitch: caudal to each respective kidney
queen: caudal to each respoective kidney
mare: far cranially; bean shaped; germinal cells at eye of bean
cow: just cranial to pelivc inlet; size and shape depend on cycle
small ruminant: just cranial to pelvic inlet; size and shape depend on cycle
sow: caudal to each respective kidney
what is the ovarian bursa - are there species differences
Bitch: Sac of peritoneum surrounding ovary;Formed by mesovarium medially and mesosalpinx laterally; Well developed in bitch, constricted entrance.
Queen: Well Developed
Mare: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch.
cow: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch.
small ruminant: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch.
sow: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch.
what is the ovulation fossa - are there species differences
only place for ovulation in the mare
- doesnt exist in any species but horse
what is the abdoinal ostium of ovarian bursa - are there species differences
Small slit on the medial side that opens to the abdominal cavity; edges of the fimbria are visible through it
- no species differences
where is the suspensory ligament and are there any species differences
From the dorsal body wall to the cranial ovarian pole
- no species differences
where is the proper ligament of the ovary and are there any species differences
From the caudal ovarian pole to the tip of the uterine horn
- no species differences
what is the round ligament of the uterus (where) - are there any species differences
Remnant of the Gubernaculum; from the tip of the uterine horn to/through the inguinal canal
- no species differences
what is the uterine tube - are there any species differences
Carries oocyte from ovary to uterine horn
- no species differences
what is the infundibulum - are there any species differences
“Funnel”; roughened surface= fimbria; envelops and massages ovary at ovulation and retrieves oocytes
- no species differences
what is the ampulla - are there any species differences
Wider portion following the infundibulum
- no species differences
what is the isthmus - are there any species differences
Narrower, more tortuous portion leading on to the Uterine Horn
- no species differences
what is the uterus (horns) - are there any species differences
Paired, Tubular Portions; Long and Straight; where the bitch carries fetuses
- shorter in the mare
- relatively long and coiled in the cow and small ruminant
- extrement long and coiled like jejunum in the sow
what is the uterus (body) - are there any species differences
Where two horns fuse on the midline; Short
- long in mare
- short in cow, small ruminant and sow
what is the inter-corunal ligament - are there any species differences
ligament between horns
- no species differences
what are caruncles - are there any species differences
only exist in ruminants - support placenta
what is the cervix - are there any species differences
Bitch: Very thick walled portion caudal to body; Functions as Uterine Sphincter; Protrudes into vaginal cavity and forms Vaginal Fornix
Queen: Same as in Bitch
Mare: Longitudinal folds of mucosa only
Cow: Transverse interlocking folds; mucosa and muscle
small ruminant: Transverse interlocking folds; Mucosa and Muscle
sow: Long with Mucosa and Muscle Spiral Folds
where is the internal uterine os
cranial border of the cervical canal
where is the external uterine os
caudal border of the cervical canal
what is the vagina
between uterine cervix cranially and vestibule caudally
what is the vaginal fornix
blind ended “cul-de-sac” formed when the cervix protrudes into the vaginal cavity
what is the vestibule - are there any species differences
caudal end of the vagina to vulva
- contains urethra and suburethral diverticulum in the ruminant and sow
what is the urethral tubercle - are there any species differences
Small elevation in floor of Vestibule on which opens Urethra
- only in bitch and queen
which species have a urethral fold
horses, ruminants and sow
what is the vestibular bulb - are there any species differences
Erectile tissue w/in vestibular walls; important in canine copulation
- only in the bitch
what is the dorsal commisure
dorsal junction of right and left labia; rounded
what is the ventral commisure
ventral junction of right and left labia; more pointed
what is the clitoris - are there any species differences
homologue of the penis
- in horses large and well developed; musculocavernous
what is the fossa clitoris
Small Cavity housing the Clitoris; in the Ventral Commissure;
Ventral to Ischial Arch
