2. Gross anatomy of the non-pregnant female tract P

Question 1

what are the functions of the ovary

Answer 1

• development of female gametes (oocytes)
• production of female sex steroids

Question 2

what are the regions of the ovary

Answer 2

1. cortex : outer parechymatous zone containing follicles and corpora lutea
2. medulla : inner vascular zone; rete ovarii in carnivores and ruminants
3. stroma : spindle shaped cells that surround the ovarian follicles

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

how does the follicle develop

Answer 4

1. composed of an oocyte surrounded by specialized epithelial cells called granulosa and/or cumulus
2. during follicular development the epithelial cells become surrounded by specialized stroma cells (theca) and a fluid filled cavity develops among the epithelial cells
3. these cell layers are separated by a basement membrane

Question 5

what is a primordial follicle

Answer 5

the least developed and most numerous follicles; primary oocyte surrounded by simple squamous epithelial granulosa cells

Question 6

what is a primary follicle

Answer 6

the first developmental stage of a growing follicle; primary oocyte surrounded by simple cuboidal epithelial granulosa cells

Question 7

what is a secondary follicle

Answer 7

granulosa cells proliferate and form a stratified epithelium (multiple layers of granulosa cells)

Question 8

what is an early antral follicle

Answer 8

characterized by a fluid containing cavity (antrum); theca cells differentiate into 2 layers and are bvious at this stage

Question 9

what is an antral follicle

Answer 9

the granulosa cells form a thickened mound (cumulus oophorus) which projects into the antrum. the oocyte is often not visible in antral follicle sections

Question 10

how is the early corpus luteum characterized histologically

Answer 10

• at ovulation the follicular wall composed of the granulosa and thecal cells collapses
• basement membrane breaks down, tissue is remodelled, vessels increase and is transformed into the corpus luteum

Question 11

this is a cross sectin of the ovary. idetify the cortex, medulla, corpus lutem, antral follicle, pre-antral follicle, and location where primardial and primary follicle might be

Answer 11

Question 12

below is a cross section of an antral follicle. identify the oocyte, granulosa cells, theca layer, cumulus cells, ovarian surface epithelium and a different follicle

Answer 12

Question 13

below is a cross section of the corpus luteum. identify the outer edge of the CL, primary follicle and antral follicle.

Answer 13

Question 14

what cell types in the CL produce progesterone and what are the origins of these cells

Answer 14

Large luteal cells
originate from the granulosa

Theca cells (small luteal) contribute to synthesis of progesterone

Question 15

what is the uterine tube

Answer 15

extends from the uterus towards the ovaries. it communicates with the uterine cavity (caudal end) and the peritoneal cavity (cranial end)

Question 16

what are the 3 segments of the uterine tube

Answer 16

• infundibulium (fullen shaped cranial end)
• ampulla (middle segment)
• isthmus (caudal narrow muscular segment)

Question 17

what are the 3 layers of the uterine tube wall

Answer 17

• serosa (peritoneum outer)
• muscularis (middle)
• mucosa (inner)

Question 17

how do you tell which region of the oviduct you are viewing

Answer 17

• The proximal part is called the infundibulum, which is flared and ‘fringed’ (fimbriated).
• This leads into a longer, thin walled ampulla, which has primary, secondary and tertiary longitudinal mucosal folds.
• This leads into a short thicker-walled isthmus, which has fewer longitudinal mucosal folds.

Question 17

the mucosa of the ovarian tube is identified by which characteristics

Answer 17

• the mucosa projects into the lumen as longitudinal folds; blood vessels supply the tubes via the mesosalpinx
• the mucosa is lined by simple of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with ciliated and non ciliated secretory cells

Question 18

which parts of the uterine tube do these cross sections most resemble

Answer 18

Question 19

list the 3 segments of the uterus

Answer 19

• horn
• body
• neck (cervix)

Question 20

list the 3 layers of the uterine wall

Answer 20

• endometrium : mucosa/inner; secretory and suports embryo/pregnancy
• myometrium : muscularis; contractile
• perimetrium : serosa/outer; protective layer

Question 21

below is a cross section of the uterus. identify the myometrium, endometrium. within the endometrium, identify the luminal epithelium, glands and lumen

Answer 21

in a cow you might also see caruncles which appear as densely packed stromal cells

Question 22

what is the broad ligament - are there any species differences

Answer 22

Wide sheet of peritoneum supporting the ovaries, uterine tube, horns, body, cervix by suspending them from the dorsolateral body wall, subdivided into 3 structures
- no species differences

Question 23

what is the mesovarium - are there any species differences

Answer 23

supports the ovaries - no species differences

Question 24

what is the mesosalpinx - are there any species differences

Answer 24

Supports the Uterine Tubes; May store fat in the bitch

Question 25

what is the mesometrium. are there any species differences

Answer 25

supports the uterine horns, body and cervix - no species differences

Question 26

where are the ovaries - are there species differences

Answer 26

bitch: caudal to each respective kidney queen: caudal to each respoective kidney mare: far cranially; bean shaped; germinal cells at eye of bean cow: just cranial to pelivc inlet; size and shape depend on cycle small ruminant: just cranial to pelvic inlet; size and shape depend on cycle sow: caudal to each respective kidney

Question 27

what is the ovarian bursa - are there species differences

Answer 27

Bitch: Sac of peritoneum surrounding ovary;Formed by mesovarium medially and mesosalpinx laterally; Well developed in bitch, constricted entrance. Queen: Well Developed Mare: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch. cow: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch. small ruminant: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch. sow: Spacious bursa with large entrance. Shallow unable to hold ovary. Not as significant as in the bitch.

Question 28

what is the ovulation fossa - are there species differences

Answer 28

only place for ovulation in the mare - doesnt exist in any species but horse

Question 29

what is the abdoinal ostium of ovarian bursa - are there species differences

Answer 29

Small slit on the medial side that opens to the abdominal cavity; edges of the fimbria are visible through it - no species differences

Question 30

where is the suspensory ligament and are there any species differences

Answer 30

From the dorsal body wall to the cranial ovarian pole - no species differences

Question 31

where is the proper ligament of the ovary and are there any species differences

Answer 31

From the caudal ovarian pole to the tip of the uterine horn - no species differences

Question 32

what is the round ligament of the uterus (where) - are there any species differences

Answer 32

Remnant of the Gubernaculum; from the tip of the uterine horn to/through the inguinal canal - no species differences

Question 33

what is the uterine tube - are there any species differences

Answer 33

Carries oocyte from ovary to uterine horn - no species differences

Question 34

what is the infundibulum - are there any species differences

Answer 34

“Funnel”; roughened surface= fimbria; envelops and massages ovary at ovulation and retrieves oocytes - no species differences

Question 35

what is the ampulla - are there any species differences

Answer 35

Wider portion following the infundibulum - no species differences

Question 36

what is the isthmus - are there any species differences

Answer 36

Narrower, more tortuous portion leading on to the Uterine Horn - no species differences

Question 37

what is the uterus (horns) - are there any species differences

Answer 37

Paired, Tubular Portions; Long and Straight; where the bitch carries fetuses - shorter in the mare - relatively long and coiled in the cow and small ruminant - extrement long and coiled like jejunum in the sow

Question 38

what is the uterus (body) - are there any species differences

Answer 38

Where two horns fuse on the midline; Short - long in mare - short in cow, small ruminant and sow

Question 39

what is the inter-corunal ligament - are there any species differences

Answer 39

ligament between horns - no species differences

Question 40

what are caruncles - are there any species differences

Answer 40

only exist in ruminants - support placenta

Question 41

what is the cervix - are there any species differences

Answer 41

Bitch: Very thick walled portion caudal to body; Functions as Uterine Sphincter; Protrudes into vaginal cavity and forms Vaginal Fornix Queen: Same as in Bitch Mare: Longitudinal folds of mucosa only Cow: Transverse interlocking folds; mucosa and muscle small ruminant: Transverse interlocking folds; Mucosa and Muscle sow: Long with Mucosa and Muscle Spiral Folds

Question 42

where is the internal uterine os

Answer 42

cranial border of the cervical canal

Question 43

where is the external uterine os

Answer 43

caudal border of the cervical canal

Question 44

what is the vagina

Answer 44

between uterine cervix cranially and vestibule caudally

Question 45

what is the vaginal fornix

Answer 45

blind ended "cul-de-sac" formed when the cervix protrudes into the vaginal cavity

Question 46

what is the vestibule - are there any species differences

Answer 46

caudal end of the vagina to vulva - contains urethra and suburethral diverticulum in the ruminant and sow

Question 47

what is the urethral tubercle - are there any species differences

Answer 47

Small elevation in floor of Vestibule on which opens Urethra - only in bitch and queen

Question 48

which species have a urethral fold

Answer 48

horses, ruminants and sow

Question 49

what is the vestibular bulb - are there any species differences

Answer 49

Erectile tissue w/in vestibular walls; important in canine copulation - only in the bitch

Question 50

what is the dorsal commisure

Answer 50

dorsal junction of right and left labia; rounded

Question 51

what is the ventral commisure

Answer 51

ventral junction of right and left labia; more pointed

Question 52

what is the clitoris - are there any species differences

Answer 52

homologue of the penis - in horses large and well developed; musculocavernous

Question 53

what is the fossa clitoris

Answer 53

Small Cavity housing the Clitoris; in the Ventral Commissure; Ventral to Ischial Arch