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URO 2 > 1. erection, ejacultion and copulation > Flashcards

1. erection, ejacultion and copulation Flashcards

1
Q

list muscles of the penis and their anatomical locations/functions

A
  • paired ischiocavernosus muscle: originates at ischial arch and inserts on root of penis. forces glood into the corpus cavenosum and corpus spongiosum
  • urethralis and bulbospongiosus: surrounds some of urethra and transports semen
  • paired retractor penis muscle: originates at caudal vertebrae and inserts on sigmoid flexure or distal penis. allows retraction/protrusion of the penis
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2
Q
A
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

what is libido

A

behavioural manifestation of sexual interest

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5
Q

what is intromission

A

entrance of penis into the vagina

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6
Q

what is erection

A

firming and enlargement of the penis

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7
Q

what is emission

A

movement of accessory gland fluid into male urethra to mix with sperm

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8
Q

what is ejaculation

A

reflex expulsion of sperm from male reproductive tract

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9
Q

outline the sequence of events in precopulatory behaviour

A
  1. search for sexual partner
  2. courtship
  3. sexual arousal
  4. erection
  5. penile protrusion
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10
Q

overall erection requires

A
  • elevated arterial blood inflow
  • dilation or corporal sinusoids
  • restricted venous outflow
  • elated intra-penile pressure
  • relaxation of the retractor penis muscle
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11
Q

explain the mechanism behind erection

A
  • erectile tissue is surrounded by a heavy capsule of varying thickness called tunica albuginea
  • connective tissue trabeculae penetrate the erectile tissue and break up the space into sinusoids
  • sinusoids are lined by endothelium
  • engorgement of cavernous tissue causes a blockage of venous return
  • ischiocavernosus muscle contraction compresses penile veins
  • intermittent contractions causes pump like action at base of penis
  • blood build up in corpus cavernosum and exceptionally high pressures
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12
Q

what happens to blood vessels and nerves in flaccid penis

A

helicine arteries empty into venous sinuses but
- lumen of helicine arteries obliterated by sympathetic tone of muscles in the vessel walls
- adrenergic nerves secrete norepinephrine
- norepinephrine causes vasoconstriction of helecine arteries so no filling of blood into sinuses

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13
Q

how does the nervous system induce erection

A
  • parasympathetic fibres inhibit (relax) longitudinal muscle fibres in helecine arteries
  • blood flows into the central sinusoids
  • swllelling
  • results in compression of oblique veins
  • further penile swelling
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14
Q

what is essential for erection in the dog

A

contraction of vestibule muscles in the female

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15
Q

what is the principle neurotransmitter involved in the erectile process

A

nitric oxide

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16
Q

outline the steps in copulatory behaviour

A
  1. mounting
  2. intromission
  3. ejaculation
17
Q

how is nitric oxide used to drive the erectile process

A
  • parasympathetic nerve innervates helecine arteries
  • nerve terminals release nitric oxide
  • NO stimulates guanylate cyclase to convert GTP into cGMP
  • cGMP causes smooth muscle of helecine arteris to relax
  • sinuses engorge
  • intracorporal pressure increases
  • venules and veins are compressed
18
Q

outline which parts of the penis enlarge during erection in each species

A
19
Q

intromission is aided by

A
  • relaxation of the retractor penis muscle
  • penile lengthening (pigs/ruminants)
  • engorgement (stallion)
  • os penis (dog)
20
Q

outline the process of ejacuation

A
  • stimulation of the glans enis via the internal pudendal nerve to lumbosacral region of the spinal cord
  • firing of nerves within the spinal cord
  • reflex innervation of urethralis muscle and ischiocavenosus muscle
21
Q

outline the features of ejaculate in the stallion, boar and dog

A
22
Q

outline the process of copulation and ejaculation in the dog

A
23
Q

outline the steps in postcopulatory behaviour

A
  1. dismount
  2. refractory period
  3. memory
24
Q

how does erection dissipate

A
  • sympathetic tone predominates again
  • closure of helecine arteries
  • blood flows out of sinusoids and erection subsides slowly
25
Q

name some complications with erection dissipation as a result of injury to the pelvic region

A
  • priapism: semi permanent erection
  • paraphimosis: penis wont go back in prepuce
26
Q

outline the types of penis and copulation in the different species

A
27
Q

outline the site of sperm deposition in the different species

A
28
Q

list components of semen

A
  • sperm
  • seminal plasma (product of accessory glands)
  • preputial secretions (smegma)
29
Q

what is the function of seminal plasma

A
  • needed for dilution and delivery of sperm
  • contains fructose as energy source (not in stallion)
  • coagulating (stallion and boar)
  • buffer
  • contains prostaglandins and other immune factors
  • interacts with female tract to induce local immune response and prevent from killing sperm
30
Q

sperm output and semen quality varies according to”

A
  • species
  • season of year
  • individuals within a species
  • method of collection
  • degree of excitement/teasing
  • frequency of ejaculation
  • nutrition, age, illness
31
Q

list venereal pathogens of the horse nd their clinical signs

A
  • equine herpesvirus 3 : penile, vulvar and perineal lesions
  • equine viral arteritis virus : abortion, fever, watery eyes, scrotal swelling
  • klebsiella pneumonia : associated with endometritis and female infertility
  • pseudomonas aeruginosa : associated with endometritis and female infertility
  • taylorella equigenitalis : contagious equine metritis organism
32
Q

list venereal pathogens of dogs

A
  • brucella canis
  • canine herpesvirus 1
33
Q

list venereal pathogens in cattle

A
  • bovine herpesvirus 1
  • brucella abortus
  • campylobacter fetus venerealis
  • chlamydophila abortus
  • leptospira interrogans serovars
  • mycoplsma bovigenitalium
  • ureoplasma diversion
  • blue tongue
34
Q

list venereal pathogens in sheep

A
  • brucella ovis
  • brucella melitenis
  • chlamydophila abortus
35
Q

list venereal pathogens of the pig

A
  • brucella suis
  • procine reproductive and respiratory virus
  • porcine herpesvirus 1
  • porcine parvovirus
36
Q

discuss campylobacter fetus in the bull

A
  • bulls carry infection for life with no clinical signs or effect on semen quality
  • contaminated semen results in uterine infection and devastating infertility or early preganancy loss
  • some immunity develops in the herd
  • bulls can be cross-contaminated by sharing bedding
37
Q

list tests for campylobacter fetus

A
  • identification of the organism in preputial washings
  • direct smears, culture or fluorescent antibody testing
  • vaginal mucus agglutination testing of cows
38
Q

how is campylobacter fetus controlled and treated

A
  • testing and removal of bulls
  • possible treatment of bulls with appropriate antibiotic
  • AI
  • vaccination of the cow prior to breeding

URO 2 (107 decks)

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