Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

URO 2 > macroscopic anatomy of the urinary tract > Flashcards

macroscopic anatomy of the urinary tract Flashcards

1
Q

where are the kidneys located

A
  • paired organs
  • lie retro-peritoneally
  • positioned in the dorsal abdomen
  • positioned in the ventral lumbar region with limited mobility (except cat)
  • right is most cranial (except in pig) lies in small fossa of the caudate liver lobe
  • left kidney is most mobile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

outline the anatomical landmarks of the left kidney

A
  • cranial pole contacts the greater curvature of the stomach
  • dorsomedial aspect of the cranial pole contacts the spleen laterally
  • often the spleen is located ventral to the kidney making a useful acoustic window
  • cranially the left kidney may contact the left limb of the pancreas
  • medially the cranial pole contacts the left adrenal gland
  • caudally there is small intestine and descending colon
  • the ovary if present is located caudally and ventrally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

outline the anatomical landmarks of the right kidney

A
  • cranial pole is located within the renal fossa of the caudate lobe of the liver
  • medially is the caudal vena cava
  • dorsolateral to the caudal vena cava close to the medial aspect of the right kidney is the right adrenal gland
  • ventrally is the descending duodenum
  • ventrally and medially is the right pancreatic limb
  • the ovary if present is caudoventral to the right kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how do you visualise the kidneys surgically

A
  • retract mesocolon on left hand side to see left kidney
  • retract mesoduodenum on right hands side to see right kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the basic components of the kidney

A
  • outer fibrous capsule
  • renal cortex
  • renal medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the kidney is described as bean shaped in which species

A
  • dog
  • cat
  • sheep
  • goat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the appearance of equine kidneys

A
  • more triangular
  • right described as heart shaped
  • left described as pyramidal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are porcine kidneys described

A

long and flat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe the appearance of bovine kidneys

A
  • oval and irregular in shape
  • obvious lobules = reniculate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a unilobular kidney

A

kidney with only one renal lobe (functional unit = lobe = cortex and medulla that work together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which species have unilobar kidneys

A

rodents and lagomorphs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the kidney of the cow

A
  • seperate cortices
  • seperate medullae
  • multiple lobes/pyramids
  • multiple renal papillae
  • multiple calices
  • no pelvis
  • lobulated surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

describe the kidney of a pig

A
  • fused cortex
  • seperate medullae
  • obvious pyramids
  • multiple renal papillae
  • multiple calices
  • branched pelvis
  • smooth surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the internal appearance of the kidney in the dog, cat, sheep, and horse

A
  • fused cortex
  • fused medullae
  • lobes still seen internally
  • pyramids partially merged
  • papillae merged to form renal crest
  • no calices
  • single pelvis
  • smooth surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

compare the kidneys across species

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the difference between a calice and a pelvis

A
  • the urine drains from the tip of the pyramids
  • cattle pigs and primates have seperate pyramids, then each has a funnel attached to collect the urine (mino calyx)
  • 2-3 minor calices drain into a major calyx
  • major calices drain directly into the ureter in cattle
  • in pigs and primates the major calices drain into a space called the renal pelvis which then drains into the ureter
  • in dogs, cats, sheep and horses the medullary cones are fused (renal crest) and they have n calices. renal crest then draines into the renal pelvis
18
Q

where is the renal pelvis located in the dog

A

renal sinus

19
Q

discuss how the renal pelvis differs between species

A
  • large irregular structure with broad finger like processes called recesses in single lobe species
  • in the horse there are only 2 recesses
  • smaller irregular structure with short stems ending in a dilated regione called calyces in pigs and primates
  • divided proximal ureter leading to multiple calyces in cattle (no pelvis)
20
Q

discuss internal renal vasculature

A
  • basic flow is from hilus to cortex then cortex to medulla
  • drainage is from medulla back to cortex to join cortical venous drainage
  • arterial and venous patterns the same for large intra-renal vessels
  • intra renal portal system
  • outflow via hilus
21
Q

outline the renal blood flow circuit

A
  1. aorta
  2. renal artery
  3. interlobar artery
  4. arcuate artery
  5. inter-lobular artery
  6. afferent glomerular artery
  7. glomerulus
  8. efferent glomerular artery
  9. renal tubule plexus
  10. inter-lobular vein
  11. arcuate vein
  12. inter- lobar vein
  13. renal vein
  14. caudal vena cava
22
Q

describe the microvascular anatomy from the glomeruli

A

cortical glomeruli: peritubular capillaries in the cortex
juxtamedullary glomeruli: peritubular capillaries in cortex (90%) OR vasa recta in the medulla (10%)

23
Q

explain how blood flows in the juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • afferent arteriole firstly enters bowmans capsule the the efferent arteriole exits
  • the efferent vessel splits and supplies the peritubular capillaries around the PCT and DCT the drains to veins in the cortex
  • the vasa recta around the LoH then drains to the arcuate veins
24
Q

discuss the walls of the ureter and bladder

A

made up of
- mucous membrane
- urothelium (transitional epithelium)
- apical cellular protection against urine due to tight junctions
- urothelial cells tolerate stretching as bladder
- lamina propria
- muscular layer
- adventitia

25
Q

what are the ureters

A
  • bilateral muscualr tubes which pass within the retroperitoneal space
  • abdominal portion
  • pelvic portion (directed medially through either the broad ligament or mesoducts
  • ureter ends on the dorso-lateral bladder surface (within the lateral ligament of the bladder)
26
Q

how do the ureters enter the bladder

A

the ureter enters the bladder obliquely and runs intramurally between the muscular layer and mucosa before opening through two slits often on a slightly raised hillock

27
Q

discuss the bladder

A
  • a hollow muscular-membranous organ
  • varies in size and position depending on degree of filling
  • divided into cranial pole, intermediate body and caudal neck
  • lining cells are endoderm-derived
  • urothelium
  • designed to be stretchy and tolerant of distortion (other cells die when distrorted)
  • special anti-urine junctions between cells
28
Q

what are the ureteric folds

A

two folds extend from the ureteral openings to the neck of the bladder where they fuse to become the urethral crest

29
Q

how is the bladder attached to the abdominal wall

A
  • two lateral ligaments of the bladder insert in the dorsal abdominal wall (within them are residual umbilical vessels)
  • the median ligament connects the bladder to the pelvic floor and linea alba
30
Q

discuss the female urethra

A
  • empties at the external urethral orifice onto the ventral wall of the vagina at the vestibulo-vaginal junction
  • conveys urine only
  • length and diameter vary considerably between species (short and wide in mare, bordered by two fossae in bitch, sow and cow have significant sub-urethral diverticulum)
31
Q

discuss the male urethra

A
  • empties at the tip of the penis
  • divided into pre-prostatic from bladder neck to seminal hillock
  • prostatic portion (includes openings of derent, vesicular and prostatic ducts)
  • penile portion (from ischial arch to penile tip)
32
Q

discuss the external renal vasculature

A
  • renal arteries originate from the lateral aspect of the aorta
  • arteries often divide into a dorsal and ventral branch before entering the kidney
  • left renal artery originates 2 cm caudal to the right renal artery
  • left renal vein is immediately ventral to the artery
  • right renal artery arises 4 cm caudal to cranial mesenteric artery then transverses dorsal to the caudal vena cava
  • right renal vein is immediately ventral to the renal artery
33
Q
A
34
Q

what is the blood supply to the bladder

A

caudal vesicular artery

35
Q

what is the blood supply to the urethra

A

urethral artery

36
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage to the kidney

A

renal lymph nodes

37
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage of the ureter

A

lumbar lymph nodes

38
Q

what is the lymphatic drainage from the bladder

A

iliosacral lymph nodes

39
Q

what is the innervation of the kidney

A
  • sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres from solar plexus via renal arteries
  • sympathetic fibres from synapses in coeliac ganglion and cranial mesenteric ganglion
40
Q

what is the innervation of the bladder

A
  • sympathetic via the hypogastric nerve from the caudal mesenteric ganglion
  • parasympathetic from the pudendal nerve

URO 2 (107 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions