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Anatomy > Urinary Tract, Posterior Abdominal Wall and Pelvis (Uro) > Flashcards

Urinary Tract, Posterior Abdominal Wall and Pelvis (Uro) Flashcards

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1
Q

What two terms are used to refer to the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal and Suprarenal

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2
Q

Where to the Adrenal glands lie?

A

Close to the upper pole of each kidney

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3
Q

Where does the Left adrenal gland lie near(2)?

A

Posterior to stomach and pancreas

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4
Q

Which arteries supply each gland? Where does each branch from?

A

Superior adrenal artery- Inferior phrenic artery
Middle adrenal artery- Abdominal aorta
Inferior adrenal artery- renal artery

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5
Q

Where does blood from each adrenal gland flow into?

A

Left adrenal gland- Left adrenal vein- left renal vein then IVC
Right adrenal gland- Right adrenal vein then IVC

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6
Q

What are the outer and inner parts of the adrenal gland respectively? What does each one secrete? outer-3 inner-1

A

Cortex and Medulla
Cortex- steroid hormones (Cortisol, aldosterone and testosterone)
Medulla- adrenaline

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7
Q

Name the structures

A

a- Kindey
b-Adrenal gland
c-Right adrenal gland
d-IVC
e-Aorta
f-Inferior phrenic artery
g-Superior adrenal artery
h-Middle adrenal artery
i-Inferior adrenal artery
j-Left adrenal vein
k-Renal artery
L-Renal vein
M-Ureter
N-Left gonadal vein
o-Right gonadal vein

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8
Q

What shape are the Kidneys? How long, wide and thick are they?

A

Bean shaped
11cm long
7cm wide
3cm thick

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9
Q

Are the kidneys within the peritoneum? What does this mean the Kidneys are?

A

Outside peritoneum
Extra-peritoneal

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10
Q

Where are the kidneys on either side of? What three layers cover it (inner to outer)?

A

Either side of upper lumbar vertebrae
Perinephric fat (fatty layer)
Renal fascia
Paranephric fat

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11
Q

Where is the Renal hilum what 4 structures pass through it?

A

Medial border of kidney
Renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureter

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12
Q

What are the two arteries that supply the kidney? What are they branches of?

A

Left and right renal arteries
Branches of aorta

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13
Q

What two veins drain the kidneys? What do they join directly to? What level?

A

Left and right renal veins
Inferior vena cava
L1/L2

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14
Q

What are the three parts of the internal kidney?

A

Cortex, medulla and calyces

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15
Q

What is the outer part of the kidney called? What 5 structures of the nephron are found in this part?

A

Cortex
Parts:
-Glomeruli
-Bowman’s capsule
-Proximal tubules
-Distal tubules
-Part of collecting duct

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16
Q

What is the inner part of the kidney called? What is it arranged into? What two structures are present in this part?

A

Medulla
Pyramids
Parts:
-Loop of henle
-Collecting ducts

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17
Q

Where does urine travel into from the collecting ducts? Via what structure?

A

Minor Calyx
Via the renal papilla (Apex of medullary pyramid)

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18
Q

What do the Minor calyx merge to form? What do these structures merge to form? What is the final structure continuous with?

A

Merge to form major calyx
Merge to form Renal pelvis
Continuous with Ureter

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19
Q

Name the structures

A

a- Ureter
b- Renal pelvis
c- Major calyx
d- Minor calyx
e- Renal cortex
f-Renal pyramids
g- Renal papilla
h- Renal sinus
i- Renal columns
j- Renal capsule

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20
Q

Where do the ureters carry urine from and to? Describe the structure. How do they transport urine?

A

Kidney to Bladder
Narrow tubes with muscular walls
Via peristalsis

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21
Q

Describe the structure of the urinary bladder. Where is it located? Below what? What does this make it?

A

Hollow muscular organ
Pelvis, below peritoneum
Infra-peritoneal

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22
Q

What structure is the bladder located posterior to? What two structures is it located anteriorly to?

A

Posterior- Pubic symphysis
Anterior- Vagina and rectum

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23
Q

What is the name of the process of squeezing out urine? What is the smooth muscle in the bladder known as?

A

Micturition
Detrusor

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23
Q

Where do the ureters join the bladder? Where do they enter? What is this?

A

Posterior aspect of bladder near the base
The trigone
Smooth internal wall of the triangular area of the bladder

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23
What is the formed when the ureter enters the trigon at an angle? What does this prevent? What characteristic of the Bladder mucosa prevents it tearing?
Rudimentary valve Backflow of urine Rugae (folds)
23
What arteries supply the bladder? What are they a branch of? What vein drains the bladder? What does this join?
Vesical arteries supply bladder and branch of internal iliac artery Vesical veins drain bladder and drain into internal iliac vein
23
What two structures is the release of urine controlled by?
Internal and external urethral sphincters
23
Where is the internal urethral sphincter located? What is it composed of and what type of control is it under?
Base of bladder (where it opens into the urethra) Smooth muscle and under involuntary control
23
What is the shape of the bladder when it is empty? Where does it extend above when its full? How much urine can it accomodate?
Flat Superior aspect extends above pubic symphysis 400-600mL
24
Where is the external urethral sphincter located in men and woman respectively? What is it composed of? What type of control is it under?
Inferior to prostate in males and in the deep perineal pouch in females Skeletal muscle Voluntary control
24
What is the somatic innervation of the Urinary bladder and urethral sphincters and spinal level? What does this allow?
Branches of the pudendal nerve (S2-S4) Conscious control of external urethral sphincter
24
What is the sympathetic innervation of urinary bladder and urethral sphincters? What spinal level does this come from? What does it allow?
Branches of hypogastric nerve (Sympathetic chain T12-L2) Relaxation of detrusor and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter, allowing storage of urine
24
Where does the Posterior Abdominal Wall extend to and from? What does it consist of (3 structures)?
Attachments of diaphragm to the pelvic brim Lumbar spine with the psoas and quadratus lumborum muscles
24
What is the Parasympathetic Innervation of the Urinary bladder and Urethral sphincters? What spinal level? What does this allow?
Pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-S4) Contraction of the detrusor and relaxation of the urethral sphincter, allowing initiation of micturition
24
What two blood vessels ascend/descend with the posterior abdominal wall? What are found on each side of the lumbar spine involved in nervous transmission?
Aorta (with associated autonomic plexuses and lymph nodes) Inferior vena cava Sympathetic trunks
24
Name these structures
a- External Iliac artery b-Ureter c-Kidney d-Testicular artery e-Psoas major f-Bladder
25
What descends on the surface of the psoas muscle lateral to aorta and IVC? What descends over this structure?
Ureters Gonadal vessels (supply testes or ovaries)
26
Name structures a-h
A- femoral nerve B- Genitofemoral nerve C-Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve D-Ilioinguinal nerve E-Iliohypogastric F-Subcostal nerve G-Inferior vena cava
27
Name structures i-o
H-Aorta I-Diaphragm J- Left renal vein K= Left gonadal vein L- Gonadal artery M-Quadratus lumborum muscle N-Psoas muscle O-Pelvic brim
28
What makes up the Lumbar plexus? With a contribution of? What 4 aspects do they innervate?
L1-L4 (t12 contirbution) Skin Muscles abdominal wall Thigh
29
What two nerves supplies the anterior abdominal wall muscles and skin of external genitalia?
Iliohypogastric and Ilioinguinal
30
What does the Genitofemoral nerve innervate?
Skin of external genitalia
31
What does the Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve and Femoral nerve supply respectively?
Skin over Lateral thigh Muscles and skin of anterior thigh
32
What does the Obturator nerve supply?
Muscles and skin of medial thigh
33
Where does the abdominal aorta travel to and from? Where does it travel in terms of the midline? What does it bifurcate into when terminated?
T12-L4 Left of midline (posterior abdominal wall) Bifurcates into left and right common iliac arteries
34
What are the three unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta? What levels does each leave the aorta?
Coeliac trunk- T12 Superior Mesenteric Artery- L1 Inferior Mesenteric Artery- L3
35
What are the four paired branches of the Abdominal aorta?
Renal Adrenal Gonadal Lumbar
36
What two veins form the IVC at what level? Where does it ascend in terms of the midline?
Right and left common iliac veins L5 Right to midline of posterior abdominal wall
37
What are the 3 functions of the bony pelvis? (3 structural and two others)
Supporting: spine torso and upper body Locomotion Housing and protecting pelvic viscera
38
Three main bones of the Bony pelvis?
Sacrum, Left Hip and Right hip
39
Name structures a-h
a-Ischium b- Acetabulum c- Pubis d- Coccyx e- Ilium f-Sacrum g- Lumbar vertebrae h-Intercristal line
40
Name structures i-o
i- Intertubecular plane j- Iliac tubercle k- Anterior superior iliac spine l- Superior pubic ramus m- Inferior pubic ramus n-Pubic tubercle o- Pubic symphysis
41
What three smaller bones is the Hip bone composed of?
Ilium Ischium Pubis
42
What are the 5 articulations o the bony pelvis?
1. Hip joint 2. Sacroiliac joint 3. Pubic symphysis 4. Lumbosacral joint 5. Sacrococcygeal joint
43
What does each of the 5 joints of the bony pelvis articulate?
Hip joint- Head of femur and acetabulum Sacroiliac joint- Sacrum and Ilium Pubic symphysis- Two pubic bones Lumbrosacral Joint- 5th lumbar vertebra and sacrum Sacrococcygeal- Sacrum and coccyx
44
What are the six surface landmarks of the Bony pelvis?
- Iliac crest - Anterior superior iliac spine - Iliac tubercle - Pubic tubercle- Inguinal ligament - Mid inguinal point
45
Which Surface landmark of the bony pelvis is this? What level is its highest point? What is this useful for?
Iliac crest Intercristal line- L4/L5 Lumbar puncture
46
What surface landmark of the bony pelvis is this?
Anterior superior iliac spine (Most anterior point of ilium)
47
Which surface landmark of the bony pelvis is this? What cuts it in half?
Iliac tubercle Intertubercular line
48
What surface landmark of the bony pelvis is this?
Pubic tubercle (Most medial point of pubic bone)
49
What surface landmark of the bony pelvis is this? Where does it run to and from?
Inguinal ligament Anterior superior iliac spine to pubic tubercle
50
What is this structure? What surface landmark is in the centre? What artery is palpable?
Inguinal canal Mid inguinal point Femoral artery
51
What are the three differences in the Pelves of Males and females?
1.Wider circular pelvic inlet in females, narrow heart shaped inlet in males 2. Obtuse angle formed by inferior pubic rami in females acute angle formed in males 3. Females have wider and shorter sacrum, males have narrower longer sacrum
52
What five organs are found in the Pelvis of a female?
Bladder, rectum, vagina, uterus and ovaries
53
What four organs does the male pelvis contain?
Bladder Rectum Prostate Seminal vesicles
54
What is the name for the collective muscles that support the pelvic organs below? What do they separate? What are there three functions?
Pelvic floor Pelvis and perineum Functions: Prevent herniation inferiorly, Control continence (sphincter action) and increase intra-abdominal pressure
55
Name the structures a-j
a- Pubic symphysis b- Puborectalis c- Pubococcygeus d- Iliococcygeus e- Sacrum f- Ilium g- Piriformis h- Coccygeus i- Ischial spine j- obturator internus
56
What are the two main muscles of pelvic floor? What three muscles is one of them composed of?
Levator ani and Coccygeus Levator ani: 1. Puborectalis 2. Pubococcygeus 3. Iliococcygeus
57
What is the function of the Puborectalis? How does it do this?
Controls passing of faeces Forms sling around rectum and when contracted prevents faeces leaving the anal canal
58
What bones does the Pubococcygeus attach to?
Pubic bone anteriorly Coccyx and sacrum posteriorly
59
What two nerves innervate the Levator ani?
S4 nerve Pudenal nerve (S2-S4)
60
What are the two main arteries of the Pelvis? What do their branches supply?
Left and right Internal Iliac arteries Pelvic viscera and some branches exit pelvis to supply the perineum and gluteal region
61
What are the 8 key branches of the internal iliac arteries?
Vesical Uterine Vaginal Middle rectal Internal pudendal Superior and inferior gluteal arteries Obturator artery
62
What do the Vesical, Middle rectal and Obturator supply?
Vesical arteries- supplies bladder Middle rectal- rectum Obturator artery- exits pelvis to supply lower limb
63
What is the structure called that drains the pelvis? What does it join to form?
Venous plexuses Internal iliac veins
64
What are the 5 key nerves of the sacral plexus?
-Sciatic nerve -Pudendal nerve -Superior and Inferior gluteal nerves -Pelvis Splanchnic nerves
65
Where do the Sciatic and Pudendal nerves come from and type of innervation? What does each supply?
Sciatic- L4-S3 exits pelvis and supplies lower limb Pudendal nerve- S2-S4 and somatic: exits pelvis and supplies perineum
66
What do the Superior and inferior gluteal nerves innervate?
Gluteal region
67
Where do the Pelvic Splanchnic nerves come from? What do they carry? What do they innervate?
S2-S4 Parasympathetic fibres Pelvis viscera
68
Where do Sympathetic fibres that innervate the Pelvic viscera derive from?
Lumbar Splanchnic nerves
69
How long is the Rectum and what are the names of the notable flexures present?
12cm long Sacral flexure and Anorectal flexure
70
Three arteries that supply the Rectum and what they are a branch of?
Superior rectal artery- Inferior mesenteric artery Middle rectal artery- Internal Iliac artery Inferior rectal artery- Internal pudendal artery
71
What three veins drain the Rectum? What do they join to form? What does this make it a site of?
Superior, Middle and Inferior rectal arteries Venous plexus Portosystemic anastomoses
72
Describe the location of the perineum
Superficial and inferior to pelvic floor Between pubic symphysis and coccyx Between medial surfaces of the thighs
73
What shape is the Perineum? What can it be split into? What line splits it in to two segments?
Roughly diamond Urogenital triangle (Anterior) and Anal triangle (posterior) Split by imaginary line between the Ischial tuberosities
74
What are the four main layers of the Urogenital Triangle?
-Skin -Perineal fascia -Superficial pouch -Perineal membrane
75
Describe the skin layer of the urogenital triangle
Urethra and vagina open out through the skin
76
What is the perineal fascia a continutation of?
Fascia overlying the abdominal wall muscles
77
What is the Superficial perineal pouch?
Potential space that contains the erectile tissues
78
What three muscles are found in the Superfifical perineal pouch?
Ischiocavernosus Bulbospongiosus Superficial transvers perineal muscles
79
What is the Perineal membrane? WHat does it provide atachment for?
Strong fibrous membrane attachment of the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles
80
What does the Anal triangle contain?
Anal canal and anus
81
How long is the anal canal?
4cm
82
Where is the inferior part of the anal canal derived from? Below?
Ectoderm Below pectinate line
83
Describe the epithelium of the inferior anal canal?
Stratified squamous
84
What artery supplies the inferior anal canal? What are they a branch of?
Middle and inferior rectal arteries Internal iliac
85
What nerve supplies the external anal sphincter?
Pudendal
86
where does the superior anal canal derive from? WHat epithelium lines it?
Endoderm Columnar epithelium
87
What artery supply the superior anal canal via??
Superior anal via infeiror mesenteric
88
Which one of the infeiror or superior anal canals has blood drained to the hepatic portal vein?
Superior
89
Fibres innervate the Internal anal sphincter?
Parasympathetic
90
WHat sits between the urogenital and anal triangles?
Perineal body
91
What does the perineal body act as?
Attachment for almost all the perineal and pelvic floor muscles

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