The Cerebellum, Midline Structures and the Basal Ganglia (Neuro) Flashcards
What does cerebellum mean? Where does the Cerebellum lie?
Little brain
Beneath the occipital lobe
How many lobes does the cerebellum have?
What are they called?
three
1.Anterior lobe
2.Posterior lobe
3.Floccunodular lobe
What surface is the anterior lobe of the cerebellum on? What splits it with the posterior lobe? What fissure is present within the posterior lobe?
Superior surface
Primary fissure separates the lobes
Horizontal fissure
What is the most ventral lobe? What is it made up of (2) ?
Flocculonodular lobe
Flocculus and nodule
Where are the flocculus and nodule of the flocculonodular lobe located respectively?
Flocculus- Beneath cerebellar peduncles
Nodule- Found in the midline
What splits the two hemispheres of the cerebellum up? What are the folds called? How is there structure different from the cerebrum?
Vermis
Folia
Smaller than gyri of cererbrum
What are the three structures called that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Superior, Inferior and Middle cerebellar peduncles
What are the three functional areas of the cerebellum?
Spino-cerebellum
Cerebro-cerebellum
Vestibulo-cerebellum
What is the anatomical area of the spino cerebellum? What is the primary input of the spinocerebellum?
Vermis
Spinocerebellar tracts
Which cerebellar peduncles does the spino-cerebellum correspond with? What is the function of the Spino-cerebellum?
Superior and Inferior
correction and modulation of fine movements
What are the anatomical areas and primary input of the cerebro cerebellum respectively?
Lateral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex
What cerebellar peduncle does the cerebro-cerebellum correspond with? What is its function?
Middle cerebellar peduncle
Planning of coordinated movements
What is the Anatomical part of the Vestibulo-cerebellum? What is its primary input?
Flocculonodular lobe
Vestibular system
What cerebellar peduncle does the vestibulocerebellum corresponds with and what are its 4 functions?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Balance, posture, tone and stabilising eye movements
What three blood arteries supply the cerebellum?
Superior cerebellar arteries
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Which artery and part of this artery do the Superior cerebellar arteries and Anterior Inferior cerebellar arteries branch from?
Basilar artery
SCA- Most superior part
AICA- Most inferior parts
What are the Posterior Inferior cerebellar arteries a branch of? At what position?
Vertebral arteries
Just before they merge to form the Basilar artery
What do all the cerebellar arteries also supply function to?
Parts of the Brainstem
What does each symptom in the acronym VANISHED stand for in terms of cerebellar dysfunction?
V- Vertigo
A- Ataxia (Poor coordination)
N- Nystagmus (backwards and forwards eye movements)
I- Intention tremor
S- Slurred speech
H- Hypotonia (Tone and posture)
E- Exaggerated past pointing (Not being able to touch locations)
D- Dysdiadochokinesia (Cannot touch opposite palms with finger)
What are the 7 midline structures of the brain?
Corpus Callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Calcarine sulcus
Limbic system
What Midline structure connects the left and right hemispheres? What is it categorised as? What does this mean?
Corpus Callosum
Group of Commissural fibres
These are fibres that commissure into the opposite cerebrum
What is the thalamus function? What 6 pathways does this involve?
Relay for numerous functions
Motor, sensory, visual, auditory, cognitive and emotional pathways
What structure lies beneath the thalamus? What are its functions?
Hypothalamus
Control over hormonal endocrine functions of the body and autonomic nervous system
Where is the pituitary gland located in what bone?
End of a stalk known as the infundibulum in the sella turcica/ pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone
Where is the Pineal gland located? What is it a part of? What is its function?
Posterior to colliculi
Part of Diencephalon
Secretes Melatonin (Controls our sleep wake cycle)
Where is the Calcarine sulcus located? What structure is located in this sulcus?
Occipital lobe
Primary Visual cortex
What is the Limbic system? What are its functions?
A group of deep brain structures involved in learning, memory and emotional control
What are the 6 structures of the limbic system?
Fornix
Mamillary bodies
Hippocampus
Para hippocampal gyri
Cingulate gyrus and Cingulate sulcus
What is the structure of the fornix? What is located on its anterior tip? What is the structure of this?
Similar shape but smaller than corpus callosum
Mamillary bodies- small rounded nuclei
Where are the hippocampi located? What are they part of? What is their function?
Inferior to inferior horn of each latera ventricle
Part of the temporal lobes
Converting short term memory into long term memory
Where are the Para hippocampal gyri located? What do they play a part in (2)?
Next to the hippocampus
Spatial memory and Navigation
What is the Cingulate Gyrus and Sulcus where is it located?
Large gyrus with an associated sulcus which are immediately superior to the corpus callosum
What are fibres that travel from the cingulate gyrus to other parts of the limbic system called? Give an example of one?
Cingulum
Parrohippocampul gyrus
What are the cingulum an example of? What does this mean?
Association fibres
Fibres that connect different parts of the same hemisphere
What disorder is primarily affected by affecting the Limbic system?
Amnesia
What are the Basal Ganglia and what are there three functions?
Deep nuclei of the brain
Contribute to coordination, control and inhibition of Motor function
How many main named parts of the Basal ganglia ae there? Where are they spread throughout (3)?
five main parts
Spread throughout cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain
What exists between the Basal Ganglia nuclei?
Complex excitatory and inhibitory pathways (Don’t need to know)
What are the five nuclei of the Basal Gnaglia?
- Caudate Nucleus
- Globus Pallidus
- Putamen
- Substantia nigra
- Subthalamic nucleus
What is the structure of the Caudate nucleus? What does it run next to and in what position?
C-shaped structure
Runs immediately medial to the lateral ventricle
What is the structure of the Globus Pallidus? What can it be divided into?
Triangular shaped nucleus
can be divided into an internal or external part
What structure is found immediately lateral to the globus pallidus? What shape is it?
Putamen
Oval shaped
Which Basal ganglia nucleus is found in the midbrain? What does it produce?
SUbstantia nigra
Dopamine
What nucleus is found inferior to the thalamus but superior to the substantia nigra?
Subthalmic nucleus
What structure do the putamen and globus pallidus make up? Why?
Lentiform nucleus
Similarity in function
What structure do the Caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus form? Why?
Striatum
Similarity in function
Name the structures
A- Lateral Ventricle
B- Thalamus
C- Internal Capsule
D- Third Ventricle
E- Head of caudate nucleus
F-Putamen
G-Globus Pallidus
H- Subthalmic nucleus
I- Substantia nigra
Which two structures are anatomically part of the basal ganglia but not involved in the motor control function of the it?
Nucleus Accumbens
Amygdala
Where is the Nucleus Accumbens located? What is its function?
Anterior junction between caudate nucleus and putamen
Reward systems
