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Anatomy > Bones and Joints of the Forearm and the Cubital fossa and Muscles of the Forearm and Carpel Tunnel (MSK) > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Forearm and the Cubital fossa and Muscles of the Forearm and Carpel Tunnel (MSK) Flashcards

1
Q

In life what are the Radius and Ulna connected by? Where do the bones articulate directly with each other?

A

an Interosseous membrane
Proximal and Distal radioulnar joints

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2
Q

Where do the Radius and Ulna articulate with the Humerus with respectively?

A

Radius- Radial head and Capitellum
Ulna- Trochlea notch of Ulna and Trochlea of Humerus

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3
Q

What do the radioulnar joints allow?

A

Pronation and Supination of the forearm and hands

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4
Q

Which bone articulates with the bones of the wrist? What is the joint called? What does this joint allow?

A

Radius
Radiocarpal joints
Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

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5
Q

Name structures a-e

A

a- Radial styloid process
b- Radial tuberosity
c- Radial head
d- Capitellum
e-Coronoid fossa

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6
Q

Name structures f-j

A

f- Olecranon
g-Trochlea
h- Coronoid process
i- Shaft
j- Ulnar styloid process

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7
Q

Name strucures k-m

A

k- Radial styloid process
l- Radial head
m-Medial epicondyle
n- Olecranon fossa

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7
Q

What is the Bulky process on the posterior side of the ulna proximally? What does it attach to? What does this allow?

A

Olecranon
Olecronan fossa of humerus
Allow full extension

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What is the is the anterior process that protrudes the ulna near its proximal end called? What does this fit into and what does it allow?

A

Coronoid process
coronoid fossa of humerus
allows full flexion of elbow

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10
Q

How do the coronoid process and Olecranon of the Ulna maintain stability? What is it reinforced by?

A

Pinch the trochlea of the humerus
Ulnar and Medial collateral ligaments

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11
Q

What happens to the radius when the forearm is pronated or supinated? What allows this and how?

A

Rotates around the Ulnar
Annular ligament of the radius wraps around the radial neck, holding the radial head in place

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12
Q

How many bones does the carpus compromise of? Which two articulate with the Radius? To form?

A

Eight
Scaphoid and Lunate
Radiocarpal joint

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13
Q

Which bones form the Proximal row of the carpus? What are their names?

A

d- Tiquetrum
e- Pisiform
f- Lunate
h- Scaphoid

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14
Q

Which bones are the Distal row of the carpus? What are there names?

A

c- Hamate
i- Capitate
k- Trapezoid
j- Trapezium

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15
Q

Which carpel bone is the Base of the thumb? What is the Bony process of the hamate called?

A

Trapezium(Thumb)
Hook of hamate

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16
Q

What is the Radiocarpal joint surrounded by? What 4 movements does it allow?

A

Joint capsule reinforced by ligaments
Flexion extension, ulnar deviation (adduction) and small amount of radial deviation (abduction)

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17
Q

What are structures a and L known as? Name structures p,q, n, m o and r

A

Metacarpals (L A)
p and n- proximal phalanx
q- Middle phalanx
r and o- Distal phalanx
M- Sesamoid bones

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18
Q

What is the Cubital fossa? What shape is it?

A

Region anterior to elbow joint
Triangular

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19
Q

What forms the Lateral and medial borders of the Cubital fossa respectively? What are they each a part of?

A

Brachioradialis- Posterior forearm muscle
Pronator teres- Anterior forearm muscle

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20
Q

What forms the Superior border of the Cubital fossa? What is the most distal part of it called?

A

Imaginary line between the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus
Apex

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21
Q

Name structures a-e

A

a- Cephalic vein
b- Brachioradialis
c- Medial cubital vein
d- Biceps tendon
e- Radial nerve

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22
Q

Name structures f-j

A

f- Cephalic vein
g- Biceps brachii
h- Basilic vein
i- Median nerve
j- Brachial artery

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23
Q

Name structures k and L

A

K- Pronator teres
L- Bicipital aponeurosis

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24
Q

What is the continuation of the tendon of the Biceps brachii called? What is it continuous with? What does it separate?

A

Bicipital aponeurosis
Anterior forearm muscles
Separates the superficial veins from the deeper structures

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25
Q

What does the Brachial artery bifurcate into and where?

A

Bifurcates into the Radial and Ulna arteries deep in the Cubital fossa

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26
Q

Where is the Median nerve in respect to the brachial artery? Where does it pass through?

A

Medial to the Brachial artery
through the cubital fossa to the anterior forearm and hand

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27
Q

What are the three superficial veins that run over the cubital fossa called?

A

Cephalic, Basilic and Median cubital veins

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28
Q

Why are the three superficial veins in the arm clinically important? What is it important not to mistake them for?

A

Commonly accessed for venepuncture or IV access
Brachial artery or Median nerve

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29
Q

How many muscles are there in the anterior compartment of the forearm? What 3 layers are they arranged into?

A

Eight
Superficial middle and deep

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30
Q

What are the Four muscles of the Superficial layer from lateral to medial of the anterior forearm?

A
  1. Pronator teres
  2. Flexor carpi radiallis
  3. Palmaris longus
  4. Flexor carpi ulnaris
31
Q

What is the main function of most of the Muscles of the anterior forearm? What nerve innervates MOST of them?

A

Flexors of wrist, fingers or thumb
MOST innervated by Median nerve

32
Q

Name structures a-d

A

a- Flexor digitorum superficialis
b- Flexor carpi ulnaris
c- Palmaris Longus
d- Flexor carpi radialis

33
Q

Name structures e-g

A

e- Pronator teres
f- Medial epicondyle
g- Humerus

34
Q

Name structures h-j

A

h- Lateral epicondyle
i- Head of Radius
j- Flexor retinaculum

35
Q

What do the Pronator teres and the Flexor carpi radialis do respectively?

A

Pronator of the proximal radioulnar joint
Flexes and abducts the wrist

36
Q

Where do the superficial layer muscles of the anterior forearm attach to proximally? What is this region of the humerus commonly referred to as?

A

Medial epicondyle
Common flexor region

37
Q

Where does the Flexor carpi radialis insert onto?

A

Radial side of the carpus and hand (allowing it to flex and abduct wrist)

38
Q

Describe the Tendon of the Palmaris longus? Where does it insert onto distally?

A

Long and thin (short belly)
Fascia of the palm of the hand

39
Q

Where does the Flexor of the Carpi Ulnaris insert distally? What movements does it cause? What nerve is it innervated by?

A

Ulnar side of the carpus and hand
Flexion and adduction of the wrist
Ulnar

40
Q

What muscle(s) are found in the middle part of the anterior forearm? What are their functions?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Its function is the flexion of digits 2-5 (fingers)

41
Q

How many tendons does the Flexor digitorum superficialis contain? What nerve travels inbetween the Flexor digitorum superficialis and what other muscle?

A

4
Median nerve and the Flexor digitorum profundus (deep muscle)

41
Q

What are the three deep muscles of the Anterior forearm?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

42
Q

What is the Flexor digitorum profundus deep to? How many tendons does it have? What do they travel to?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis
four tendons
digits 2-5

43
Q

Describe Dual innervation in regards to the Flexor digitorum profundus.

A

Lateral half- innervated by median nerve- (travels to the little and ring fingers)
Medial half- innervated by Ulnar nerve- (travels to middle and index fingers)

44
Q

Functions of the Flexor pollicis longus and Pronator quadratus respectively?

A

Flexor pollicis longus- Flexes the thumb
Pronator Quadratus- Pronates the distal radioulnar joint

45
Q

Name structures a-c

A

a- Pronator quadratus
b- Flexor pollicis longus
c- Flexor digitorum Profundus

46
Q

Name structures d-e

A

d- Ulna
e- Flexor retinaculum

47
Q

Name structures a-d

A

a- Extensor Digiti Minimi
b- Extensor Digitorum
c- Extensor carpi ulnaris
d- Anconeus

48
Q

Name structures e-g

A

e- Brachioradialis
f-Extensor carpi radialis longus
g-Extensor carpi radialis brevis

49
Q

What structures are covered over here? What are they all attached to? What is the one exception?

A

7 superficial muscles of the Posterior forearm
Lateral epicondyle (common extensor origin)
Apart from the Brachioradialis

50
Q

What side of the posterior compartment of the Posterior forearm are the Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis located? What do each insert onto respectively? What does this mean their functions are?

A

Radial side
ECRL- 2nd metacarpal ECRB- 3rd metacarpal
Extension and abduction of the wrist

51
Q

How many tendons does the Extensor digitorum have? What do they insert onto?

A

4
Digits 2-5

52
Q

How are the Tendons of the extensor digitorum connected? What does this imply?

A

Connected by fibrous bands
Makes it difficult to fully extend the middle or ring fingers independently

53
Q

What do the Extensor digiti minimi and Extensor carpi Ulnaris move respectively? What does the ECU attach to?

A

EDM- extends little finger
ECU- extends and adducts the wrist via insertion onto the 5th metacarpal

54
Q

What do the muscles of the posterior forearm travel under? What does it prevent?

A

Extensor retinaculum
Bowing of the tendons when the wrist is extended

55
Q

Where does the Anconeus muscle originate and insert on to? What does this make it? What is it innervated by?

A

Lateral epicondyle to the Olecranon ( of ulna)
Weak extensor of the elbow joint
Radial nerve

56
Q

Name structures a and b
What group are they a part of?

A

a- Extensor Pollicis Longus
b- Extensor Indicis
Deep layer of the Posterior muscles of the Forearm

57
Q

Name structures c-e

A

c-Extensor Pollicis Brevis
d-Abductor Pollicis Longus
e- Supinator
Deep muscle layer of the Posterior forearm

58
Q

Where is the insertion and origin of the Supinator muscle? What is it function

A

Insertion- Proximal radius
Origin- Humerus
Supination of the forearm

59
Q

Insertion of the Abductor Pollicis longus and function?

A

Insertion on 1st metacarpal
Abducts the thumb

60
Q

What is the functions of the Extensor Pollicis Brevis and Extensor Pollicis Longus? Where does each insert onto?

A

Extend the thumb
EPB- Proximal phalanx
EPL- Distal phalanx

61
Q

How do the APL and EPB tendons lie as they wrap around the distal radius?

A

Superficially

62
Q

Where does the Extensor Indicis insert onto? Allowing what?

A

Dorsum of the Index finger
Independent extension of this digit

63
Q

Which muscles are not extensors in the Posterior forearm? What nerve are they all innervated by?

A

Brachioradialis, supinator and Abductor pollicis Longus
Radial nerve

64
Q

Where does the Radial Artery travel in the forearm? How can it be palpated?

A

Lateral aspect
Lateral to the Tendon of the Flexor carpi radialis

65
Q

Where do the Radial and Ulnar arteries anastomose in? Into what? What does this ensure?

A

Palm of hand (Anastomose= link together )
Palmar arteries
which allows perfusion of hand in case of occlusion of either artery

66
Q

Name structures a,b,c

A

a- Cephalic vein (laterally)
b- Medial cubitan vein
c- Basilic vein(Medial)

67
Q

What does the Basilic vein do as it moves proximally? to form?

A

Receives the deep veins of the arm to form the axillary vein

68
Q

What vein does the cephalic vein join? Where?

A

Axillary
After passing the deltopectoral groove

69
Q

What is the Carpal tunnel? What forms its sides and floor? What completes the passageway?

A

Narrow passageway at the wrist
Carpal bones form its sides and floor
Flexor retinaculum

70
Q

What travels through the Carpal tunnel? From which three muscles?

A

Tendons of the anterior forearm muscles
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

71
Q

What nerve travels through the Carpal tunnel? What is it called if this nerve is compressed?

A

Median
Carpal tunnel syndrome (due to swelling)

72
Q

Two symptoms of CTS

A

Impaired or altered sensation over skin of hand supplied by median nerve
Weakness (paticularly small muscles of thumb)

73
Q

Name structures a-e

A

a- Capitate
b- Trapezoid
c- Trapezium
d- Hamate
e- Flexor retinaculum

Anatomy (20 decks)

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