Superior Mediastinum and Heart (CVR)

Question 1

What does the mediastinum contain

Answer 1

Heart and pericardium
Great vessels
The veins that drain the chest wall
The trachea an main bronchi
The esophagus
Nerves
Lymphatics

Question 2

Where is the line that splits the superior and inferior mediastinum

Answer 2

From the sternal angle to the T4/T5 junction

Question 3

Main components of the Superior Mediastinum

Answer 3

Arch of aorta
Superior vena cava
trachea
oesophagus
phrenic nerves and vagus nerves
thoracic duct
thymus gland

Question 4

Where does the arch of the aorta lie

Answer 4

In the superior mediastinum

Question 5

Where does the descending aorta lie

Answer 5

Posterior mediastinum

Question 6

What Does ABCS stand for in the aortic arch

Answer 6

Aorta
Braciocephalic artery
Common carotid artery
Subclavian Artery

Question 7

What is the ligamentum arteriosum a remenent of from being a foetus

Answer 7

Ductus arteriosus

Question 8

What does the Ligamentum arteriosus connect together

Answer 8

Pulmonary trunk and aortic arch

Question 9

Where would blood have travelled from and to in the ductus arteriosus

Answer 9

From the Pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch

Question 10

Where does the superior vena cava return blood from

Answer 10

Head neck and upper limbs

Question 11

What two veins join together to form the superior vena cava

Answer 11

Left and right braciocephalic veins

Question 12

Where does the SVC lie

Answer 12

superior mediastinum

Question 13

What is each brachiocephalic vein made up of

Answer 13

Subclavian and Internal Jugular veins

Question 14

Where does the IVC return blood from

Answer 14

Returns blood to heart from all regions inferior to diaphragm

Question 15

Where does the Trachea bifurcate

Answer 15

Sternal angle, which is the T4/T5 junction

Question 16

Where does the oesophagus extend to and from

Answer 16

Pharynx (midline of neck) to stomach

Question 17

Where is the oesophagus in the mediastinum

Answer 17

Midline of thorax and posterior to Trachea

Question 18

What nerve fibers are the phrenic nerves formed by

Answer 18

C3, C4 and C5

Question 19

What two blood vessels do the vagus nerves run alongside in the neck

Answer 19

Internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein

Question 20

What do the Vagus nerves give rise to

Answer 20

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 21

What structure of the heart does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under? where does it go after

Answer 21

Loops under the arch of the aorta
Travels to the left side of the neck

Question 22

What artery does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve descend alongide

Answer 22

Right subclavian artery

Question 23

What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve loop under

Answer 23

Right subclavian artery

Question 24

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve run between when ascending

Answer 24

Trachea and oesophagus

Question 25

What is the pericardium

Answer 25

A tough fibrous sac that encloses the heart

Question 26

Two layers of the pericardium

Answer 26

Fibrous (thick outer) and Serous layer (thin inner layer)

Question 27

What is the Serous layer of the pericardium made up of

Answer 27

The parietal (outer) and visceral layer (inner)

Question 28

What nerve innervates the fibrous pericardium

Answer 28

Phrenic nerves

Question 29

Where is the apex of the heart located and what is it formed by?

Answer 29

Left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 30

Where does the right border of the heart extend to and from

Answer 30

Right 3rd costal cartilage to right 6th costal cartilage

Question 31

Where does the left border of the heart extend to and from

Answer 31

left 2nd intercostal space to the left 5th intercostal space in the midclavicular line

Question 32

What does the right coronary artery supply

Answer 32

SA node and AVN node

Question 33

What does the right marginal artery supply

Answer 33

Inferior border of the heart

Question 34

What does the posterior interventricular artery supply? on What border of the heart

Answer 34

Both ventricles and on the inferior surface of the heart

Question 35

Two main branches of the Left coronary artery

Answer 35

Left anterior descending artery Circumflex artery

Question 36

What is a sulcus

Answer 36

Grooves in the external surface of the heart which contains arteries and veins

Question 37

What sulcus does the LAD run in

Answer 37

The anterior interventricular sulcus

Question 38

What does the LAD supply

Answer 38

Both ventricles

Question 39

What surface does the circumflex artery travel on to

Answer 39

Inferior/diaphgramic

Question 40

Where does the left marginal artery arise from and what does it supply

Answer 40

arises from circumflex and supplies the left ventricle

Question 41

What is the fossa ovalis

Answer 41

Depression in interatrial septum

Question 42

What is the Crista Terminalis? Where are they found?

Answer 42

Muscular ridge that seperates smooth walled posterior part of the atrium from the anterior part Found in atria

Question 43

What are the ridges called on the anterior part of the atria?

Answer 43

Pectinate muscles

Question 44

What 5 features does the right ventricle contain?

Answer 44

Interventricular septum Trabeculae carneae Papillary muscles Chordae tendinae Moderator band

Question 45

What are the trabeculae carneae?

Answer 45

Muscular ridges on the internal wall of ventricles

Question 46

What are the papillary muscles?

Answer 46

Projections of the trabeculae carneae

Question 47

What are Chordae Tendineae?

Answer 47

Fibrous cords that connect papillary muscles to tricuspid valve

Question 48

What does The pulmonary trunk split into when it exits the right Ventricle?

Answer 48

Left and right Pulmonary arteries

Question 49

Does the Left atrium (like the right atrium) also have a smooth-walled posterior part and rough anterior part?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

What valve is found between the left atrium and left ventricle? Which valve is found between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Answer 50

Left- Mitral valve Right- Tricuspid valve

Question 51

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

Answer 51

Contract and tense the chordae tendineae as the ventricle contracts preventing them everting into the atria

Question 52

How many cusps does each semilunar valve have?

Answer 52

Three

Question 53

What forms inbetween the free edge of the semilunar cusp and the vessel wall?

Answer 53

Sinuses

Question 54

What are the causes the sounds of the heart when auscultated?

Answer 54

Heart valves closing

Question 55

Where are the Aortic and pulmonary auscultatory areas?

Answer 55

Aortic= 2nd intercostal space (right to sternum) Pulmonary= 2nd intercostal space (left to sternum)

Question 56

Auscultatory areas for the Tricuspid and Mitral valve?

Answer 56

Tricuspid= 5th intercostal space (left to sternum) Mitral= 5th intercostal space= left midclavicular line

Question 57

Where is the Sinoatrial node located?

Answer 57

Superior end of crista terminalis (in the right atrium)

Question 58

Where is the Atrioventricular node located?

Answer 58

Inferior end of of the interatrial septum

Question 59

What fibres arise from the AV node? What do they divide into?

Answer 59

Atrioventricular bundle Left and right bundle branches

Question 60

What do the Bundle branches give rise to in the conducting system? What do these fibres enter?

Answer 60

Give rise to Purkinje fibres Enter the right and left ventricles

Question 61

What arteries supply the SA node? What proportion of people are supplied by each artery?

Answer 61

Right coronary artery and Left coronary artery 60% supplied by RCA 40% supplied by LCA

Question 62

What artery supplies the AV node?

Answer 62

Posterior interventricular artery

Question 63

What artery supplies the Bundle of His?

Answer 63

Left Coronary Artery

Question 64

Where do Visceral afferent fibres send information to and from?

Answer 64

From the heart back to the CNS

Question 65

Where can heart pain be perceived from? What is this pain called?

Answer 65

Chest, Left side of neck and/or left arm