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Anatomy > The Pectoral Region, Thoracic Cage and Lungs (CVR) > Flashcards

The Pectoral Region, Thoracic Cage and Lungs (CVR) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum called?

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

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2
Q

What is the superior part of the sternum called? What is the notch called on it?

A

Manubrium
Suprasternal notch

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3
Q

What two bones does the Manubrium articulate with? What is the joint called that it articulates with the first and most superior bone?

A

Clavicle (Sternoclavicular joint)
First rib

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4
Q

What is the point called where the Manubrium meets the Body?

A

Sternal angle

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5
Q

What is the middle part of the sternum called?
Which ribs does it articulate with?

A

Body
Ribs 2-7

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6
Q

Where does the Body of the sternum articulate with the second rib?

A

The sternal angle

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7
Q

What is the inferior part of the sternum called?

A

Xiphoid process

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8
Q

Where does the 7th rib articulate with the sternum?

A

in between the body and xiphoid process

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9
Q

What are the anterior parts of the ribs composed of? What is the point called where the ribs articulate with the costal cartilage?

A

Costal cartilage
Costochondral joints

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10
Q

What are known as the true ribs? Why are they called this? where do the costal cartilages of these ribs articulate with the sternum?

A

Ribs 1-7
Articulate directly with sternum
Sternocostal joints

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11
Q

Which ribs are known as the false ribs? Why are they called this?

A

Ribs 8-10
Costal cartilages unite and join the seventh one

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12
Q

What do the costal cartilages of ribs 7-10 form?

A

The costal margin

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13
Q

Which ribs are known as the floating ribs? Why?

A

11 and 12
Do not articulate with the sternum

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14
Q

What do the ribs articulate with posteriorly? What is this point called?

A

Thoracic vertebrae
Costovertebral joints

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15
Q

How are adjacent ribs connected to one another?

A

Intercostal muscles

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16
Q

What are the four parts of a typical rib?
Which ribs are typical ribs?

A

Head, neck, tubercle and body
ribs 3-9 typical

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17
Q

Which ribs are atypical?

A

1-2 and 10-12

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18
Q

What does the Head of the rib articulate with? What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

A

Head- Vertebral body
Tubercle- Transverse process

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19
Q

What does the manubrium, first ribs and first thoracic vertebra form?

A

Boundary of the superior thoracic aperture

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20
Q

What are the Breasts also known as?

A

Mammary glands

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21
Q

What Part of the breast tissue extends towards the anterior axilla?

A

Axillary tail

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22
Q

What 7 components is the breast made up of?

A

Fat
Glandular tissue
Ducts
Connective tissue and ligaments
Blood vessels and lymphatics

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23
Q

What is the skin that converges on the nipple called?

A

Areola

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24
Q

What two arteries primarily supply the breast?

A

Internal thoracic artery
Axillary artery

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25
Q

Where does the internal thoracic artery arise from?

A

The subclavian artery

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26
Q

What arteries does the internal thoracic artery give rise to? What do they supply?

A

Anterior intercostal arteries
Breast and intercostal spaces

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27
Q

What nerves supply the breast? What type of fibres innervate the skin and smooth muscle of breast respectively?

A

Intercostal nerves
Somatic sensory fibres and sympathetic fibres

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28
Q

Where does most lymph from the breasts drain into? What are the five groups of lymph nodes in this area?

A

Axilla
5 groups: Central, Pectoral, humeral, subscapular and apical

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29
Q

What five areas do the lymph nodes in the axilla drain?

A

Breast
Upper limb
Chest wall
scapular region
abdominal wall

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30
Q

Which nodes receive lymph from all the other lymph nodes in the axilla? What does this mean they are usually involved in?

A

Apical nodes
Spread of breast cancer

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31
Q

Three layers of intercostal muscles in the intercostal spaces?

A

External intercostal muscles
Internal intercostal muscles
Innermost intercostal muscles

32
Q

What is the Most superficial muscle of the anterior chest wall? What three structures does it attach to?

A

Pectoralis Major
Upper humerus, Clavicle and upper six ribs

33
Q

What muscle lies deep to the pectoralis major? What two structures does it attach to?

A

Pectoralis minor
Scapular and ribs 3-5

34
Q

What is the muscle called that lies on the lateral side of the thoracic cage? What does it attach to?

A

Serratus anterior
Attaches to scapula and upper eight ribs

35
Q

Prime function of anterior chest muscles? What can use of these muscles as accessory muscles mean?

A

Move the upper limb
Respiratory distress

36
Q

What does the intercostal neurovascular bundle contain?

A

Intercostal artery
Intercostal Vein
Intercostal nerve

37
Q

What direction are the fibres of the external intercostal muscle orientated? What does direction does the contraction pull them?

A

Orientated antero-inferiorly

38
Q

Where do the external and internal intercostal membranes form respectively? Why?

A

External- anterior part of intercostal space
Internal- Posterior part of intercostal space
Muscle becomes membranous

39
Q

What direction are the internal intercostal muscle fibres orientated? What direction does contraction pull them?

A

Postero-inferior
Contaction pulls them inferiorly

40
Q

What direction are the inner most intercostal muscles fibres orientated?

A

Posterio inferior (same as internal intercostal muscle fibres)

41
Q

What lies deep to the innermost intercostal muscle?

A

Endothoracic fascia

42
Q

What three structures does the Intercostal neurovascular bundle supply? Where does it run through?

A

Intercostal muscles, overlying skin and parietal pleura
Runs through the costal groove of the rib inbetween the inner intercostal muscles and innermost intercostal muscles

43
Q

Where does the costal groove of the rib lie? What part of the intercostal space would an incision be made during a medical procedure?

A

Deep surface of rib
Middle to lower part of intercostal space (avoid neurovascular bundle)

44
Q

What arteries supply the anterior and posterior intercostal spaces respectively? What is the artery that supplies the posterior intercostal space a branch of?

A

Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries
Descending aorta (gives rise to posterior intercostal artery)

45
Q

Where do the anterior and posterior intercostal veins drain into respectively?

A

Internal thoracic vein and azygos system of veins

46
Q

What are the two layers of membranes that cover the lungs and structures passing in and out of the lungs?

A

Parietal and Visceral pleura

47
Q

What is the space called between the parietal and visceral pleura? What does it contain?

A

Pleural cavity
Pleural fluid

48
Q

What are the four parts of the parietal pleura? Where do they lie/ what do they cover?

A

1.Cervical- covers apex of lung
2.Costal- adjacent to ribs
3.Mediastinal-adjacent to heart
4.Diaphragmatic - adjacent to diaphragm

49
Q

What is the space called around the periphery of the diaphragm where the costal pleura becomes continuous with the diaphragmatic pleura?

A

The costodiaphragmatic recess

50
Q

What nerves innervate the parietal and visceral pleura respectively? What does this mean when either are injured?

A

Parietal- Intercostal nerves
Visceral- Autonomic sensory nerves (visceral afferents)
Injury to parietal is painful, injury to visceral doesn’t reach conscious perception

51
Q

What is the most superior part of the lung called? How many lobes does each side have?

A

Apex
Right side- 3 lobes (superior, middle and inferior)
Left side- 2 lobes 9superior and inferior)

52
Q

What is the Lingula? What does it extend over?

A

An anterior extension of the left superior lobe
Extends over the heart

53
Q

What fissure is present in both sides of the lung? What fissure is present in the right lung only?
What do each fissures separate in the right lung?

A

Oblique fissure (both lungs)
Horizontal fissure (right lung only)
Right lung- Oblique separates middle lobe from inferior lobe and Horizontal separates superior lobe from middle lobe

54
Q

3 surfaces of lung?

A

Costal surface
Mediastinal surface
Diaphragmatic surface

55
Q

What is the region of the lung where the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and main bronchus enter and enter the lung?

A

Hilum

56
Q

Where does the pulmonary artery lie to the main bronchus in the right and left lung respectively?

A

Right- Anterior to main bronchus
Left- Superior to the main bronchus

57
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins lie in both lungs?

A

Anteriorly and inferiorly

58
Q

What level does the Trachea bifurcate? What is this point called?

A

T4/T5 (Sternal angle)
Carina

59
Q

How is the right bronchius different to the left?

A

Wider and descends more vertically

60
Q

What do the bronchi divide into from the main bronchus’ to the alveoli?

A

Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

61
Q

How many segmental bronchi are there? What are the areas they supply called? What does each segment have its own of?

A

10
Bronchopulmonary segment
Own blood supply
(don’t need to know names of segments)

62
Q

What do the walls of the trachea and bronchi contain that the bronchioles doesn’t? What do they both contain?

A

Cartilage
Both contain smooth muscle

63
Q

What do the Parasympathetic fibers stimulate in the lungs?
What do the sympathetic fibers stimulate in the lungs?

A

Para- constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and secretions from the glands of the bronchial tree
Sympathetic- relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibits secretions from the glands of the bronchial tree

64
Q

What fibers innervate the lungs? Can we usually feel sensations?

A

Visceral afferents
Do not reach our conscious perception

65
Q

Where do the apex’s of each lung project to?

A

Lower neck, superior to the medial end of the clavicle

66
Q

Where does the inferior border of the lung lie anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly?

A

ANT-6th rib (mid clavicular line)
LAT-8th rib (midaxillary line)
POS10th rib (vertebral column)

67
Q

Where does the parietal pleura extend to Anteriorly, Laterally and posteriorly?

A

ANT-8th rib (midclavicular line)
LAT-10th rib (midaxillary line)
POS-12th rib (vertebral column)

68
Q

Where does the oblique fissure extend from and to?
Where does the horizontal fissure from?

A

4th rib posteriorly to 6th costal cartilage anteriorly
Horizontal fissure- 4th costal cartilage to oblique fissure

69
Q

Where must you place a stethoscope to hear the superior and right middle lobes of the lungs?

A

Superior lobes- Posterior chest wall
Right middle lobe- Anteriorly or laterally

70
Q

What is the superior surface of the diaphragm adjacent to and what are the openings in the diaphragm called?

A

Adjacent to parietal pleura
Apertures

71
Q

What 5 structures is the diaphragm attached to?

A

Xiphoid process
Costal margin
tips of 11th and 12th rib
Lumbar vertabrae

72
Q

What is the central part of the diaphragm called? Why?

A

Central tendon
Fibrous not muscular

73
Q

What nerve innervates the Diaphragm? Where do they come from?

A

Phrenic nerves
C3, C4 and C5

74
Q

What causes the thoracic cavity to change vertically, laterally and Antero-posteriorly during ventilation?

A

Vertically- Diaphragm
Laterally- Intercostal muscles
Antero-posteriorly Sternum

75
Q

What are the 3 accessory muscles of breathing? When are they used?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor and serratus anterior
Very vigorous of forced breathing

Anatomy (20 decks)

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