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Anatomy > The Liver, Gallbladder, Duodenum and Pancreas (GI) > Flashcards

The Liver, Gallbladder, Duodenum and Pancreas (GI) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two surfaces of the Liver?

A

Diaphragmatic surface and Visceral surface

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2
Q

What positions do the Diaphragmatic and Visceral surfaces lay?

A

Diaphragmatic- Anterosuperior
Visceral- Posteroinferior

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3
Q

Which three regions of the liver are not covered by peritoneum?

A

Base area of liver
Area where gallbladder lies in contact with liver
Region of Porta hepatis

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4
Q

What is the base area of the liver?

A

Region of posterior surface that lies in contact with diaphragm

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5
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

Where hepatic blood vessels and ducts of biliary system enter and exit the liver. The hepatic vein is not one of them

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6
Q

What is the liver split into?
What separates them from one another?

A

Large right lobe and small left lobe
Separated by falciform ligament

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7
Q

What does Falciform ligament connect?

A

Anterior surface of liver to anterior abdominal wall

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8
Q

Two accessory lobes oft the liver and where they are located?

A

Caudate and quadrate
Located on the Posteroinferior surface

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9
Q

How many segments is the liver split into internally? What does each segment have its own of?

A

8
Each segments has its own hepatic artery, portal vein and hepatic duct

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10
Q

What connects the Liver to the Diaphragm?

A

Coronary and triangular ligaments

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11
Q

What does the portal triad consist of and where do they run together?

A

Hepatic artery, Hepatic portal vein and bile duct
Free edge of the lesser omentum

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12
Q

What do the Portal triad and the free edge of the lesser omentum form? What is this the entrance to?

A

Form the anterior boundary of the epiploic foramen
Entrance to lesser sac

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13
Q

What are the three recesses related to the liver?

A

Hepatorenal recess
Right and left Sub phrenic recesses

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14
Q

Where does the hepatorenal recess lie?

A

Between the right kidney and the posterior surface of the right side of the liver

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15
Q

Where do the subphrenic recesses lie?

A

Each side of the falciform ligament, between the anterosuperior surface of the liver and diaphragm

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16
Q

Where does the Liver develop from? Where does it develop?

A

Foregut
Ventral mesentry

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17
Q

What is the Ventral mesentry?

A

Peritoneal fold in upper abdomen that connects the stomach to the anterior abdominal wall in Embryos

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18
Q

What does the Ventral mesentery develop into as the Liver is pulled to the right?

A

Lesser omentum and falciform ligament

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19
Q

What does the free edge of the falciform ligament contain? What is it a remnant of?

A

Round ligament of liver
Remnant of the umbilical vein

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20
Q

What is the Ligamentum Venosum a remnant of? Where does it lie?

A

Remnant of ductus venosus
Lies on posterior surface of liver, groove between caudate lobe and left lobe of liver

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21
Q

What is the function of the Ductus venous in a foetus?

A

Diverts blood from the umbilical vein to the IVC, bypassing the liver

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22
Q

What branch of the coeliac trunk supplies the liver? What does this branch further branch into? Where do these arteries enter the liver?

A

Common Hepatic
Becomes the Hepatic artery proper then branches into the left and right hepatic arteries
Enters the liver at the porta hepatis

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23
Q

What veins does Blood exit the liver from? What do they unite with? and what position to the liver do they unite with this vein?

A

Two or three hepatic veins (Not externally visible)
Unite with the Inferior Vena Cava as it passes posterior to liver

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24
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein receives blood from?

A

From superior and inferior mesentric veins and splenic vein

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25
Q

What nervous system supplies the liver? Where do the parasympathetic fibers arise from?

A

Hepatic plexus
Vagus nerve

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26
Q

Where is pain from the liver referred to? Why?

A

Epigastric region
It is a foregut derivative

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27
Q

What is the
Function of the Gallbladder?

A

Stores and contracts bile

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28
Q

Where does the Gallbladder lie?

A

Visceral surface of the liver and close to the duodenum

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29
Q

What are the three parts of the Gallbladder?

A

Fundus, body and neck

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30
Q

Where does the body of the gallbladder sit?

A

Gallbladder fossa of the visceral surface of the liver

31
Q

What does the neck of the gallbladder communicate with?

A

The cystic duct

32
Q

Where is the surface marking of the fundus of the gallbladder at?

A

9th costal cartilage
Where the midclavicular line intersects the right costal margin

33
Q

Which cells produce Bile and where is it first excreted into?

A

Produced by Hepatocytes (In the liver)
First excreted into small channels called bile canaliculi

34
Q

Where do the Bile canaliculi drain bile into? and where do these bile ducts leave the liver?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts
Leave the liver at the porta hepatis

35
Q

What do the left and right hepatic ducts converge into? Which duct is received to this duct from the Gallbladder?

A

Common Hepatic duct
Which receives the cystic duct from the gallbladder

36
Q

What is the duct called after the common hepatic duct receives from the cystic duct?

A

Common bile duct

37
Q

Where does the bile duct run? and where does it descend

A

Free edge of the lesser omentum
Descends posterior to the superior part of duodenum and posterior to the head of the pancreas

38
Q

What is the valve that lies at the junction between the gallbladder neck and cystic duct?

A

Spiral fold

39
Q

Artery that supplies Gallbladder? Where does it arise from?

A

Cystic artery
Arises from the right hepatic artery

40
Q

What vein drains the gallbladder and what does it join?

A

Drained by cystic veins
Either pass directly into the liver or join hepatic portal vein

41
Q

What sympathetic fibers supply the Gallbladder?

A

T5-T9 Greater splanchnic nerves

42
Q

Where can pain be felt in association with the gallbladder?

A

Epigastrium (Due to nerves t5-t9)
Right shoulder

43
Q

Why can inflammation of the gallbladder cause pain in the right shoulder?

A

inflammation of gallbladder can irritate diaphragm which is innervated by nerves C3-C5
Nerves C3-C5 also receives somatic sensory information from skin over the shoulder

44
Q

What level does the coeliac trunk leave the aorta? Which structures does each branch supply?

A

Leaves at T12
LGA- Distal Oesophagus and lesser curvature of the stomach
Common hepatic artery- Liver, Stomach and Duodenum
Splenic artery- Stomach, pancreas and spleen

45
Q

Duodenum

What are Four regions of the duodenum in order?

A
  1. Supeiror
  2. Descending
  3. Inferior
  4. Ascending
46
Q

Duodenum

What lies posterior to the superior part of the duodenum

A
  1. Common bile duct
  2. Gastroduodenal artery
  3. Hepatic portal vein
47
Q

Duodenum

What artery lies anterior to the third part of the duodenum?

A

Superior Mesentric artery

48
Q

Duodenum

Where does the ascending duodenum meet the Jejenum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

49
Q

Duodenum

Where does bile and pancretaic secretions enter the Duodenum?

A

Major duodenal papilla

50
Q

Duodenum blood supply

What arteries supply the First and second half of the duodenum respectively?

A
  1. First half- Gastroduodenal (from coeliac trunk)
  2. Second half- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal (from SMA)
51
Q

Duodenum blood supply

What vein drains the duodenum?

A

First half- Gastroduodenal vein then
Second half-

52
Q

Pancreas

What position does the Pancreas lie in? on what structure?

A

Lies Horizontally on the posterior abdominal wall

53
Q

Pancreas

What level does the pancreas lie on?
Is it retro or intra peritoneal?

A

L1
Retroperitoneal

54
Q

Pancreas

What are the four parts of the pancreas?

A

Head, neck, body and tail

55
Q

Pancreas

What does the pancreas form from?

A

Dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds which fuse during development

56
Q

Pancreas

What is the Hook-like projection of the head of the pancreas called?

A

Uncinate process

57
Q

Pancreas

Where does the tail of the Pancreas extend to?

A

The hilum of the spleen

58
Q

Pancreas

What does the Pancreas form part of?

A

Posterior wall of the lesser sac

59
Q

Pancreas

What is the lesser sac?

A

Potential space between the stomach and the pancreas

60
Q

Pancreas

What runs within the substance of the pancreas?

A

Main pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct

61
Q

Pancreas

Two functions of pancreas

A

Exocrine and Endocrine functions

62
Q

Pancreas

What does the Pancreas synthesise and secrete?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

63
Q

Pancreas

What does the pancreas produce that is released into the duodenum? How does it get there?

A

Pancreatic juice
Via main pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct

64
Q

Pancreas

Where do the Common bile duct and main pancreatic duct merge?

A

Hepatopancraeatic ampulla

65
Q

Pancreatic duct

Where does the hepatopancreatic ampulla open up into? what does its wall contain to stop reflux of duodenal contents?

A

Major duodenal papilla
Hepatopancreatic sphincter

66
Q

Pancreatic duct

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open its contents into?

A

Minor Duodenal papilla

67
Q

Blood supply of pancreas

What three arteries supply the Pancreas? What are they branches of?

A
  1. Pancreatic arteries- branches of splenic artery
  2. Superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries- Branch of the Gastroduodenal artery
  3. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries- Branch of superior Mesentric artery
68
Q

Blood supply of pancreas

Venous system of the Pancreas

A

Splenic vein drains pancreas unites with the superior mesentric vein to form the hepatic portal vein

69
Q

Spleen

What type of organ is the spleen?
What protects it?

A

Haematopoietic and lymphoid organ
Ribs 9-11

70
Q

Spleen

Is the spleen intra or retroperitoneal?
What quadrant does it lie in?

A

Intraperitoneal
Left upper quadrant

71
Q

Spleen

Two surfaces of the spleen?
What do they come into contact with?

A
  1. Diaphragmatic surface- adjacent to diaphragm
  2. Visceral surface-contact with stomach, left kidney and colon
72
Q

Spleen

Difference between anterior and superior borders and the posterior and inferior borders

A

Anterior and superior-notched
Posterior and inferior are smooth

73
Q

Blood supply of spleen

What artery supplies the spleen?
Where does it enter the spleen?
How many branches does it split into?

A
  1. Splenic artery
  2. Hilum on visceral surface
  3. five branches

Anatomy (20 decks)

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