The Anterior abdominal wall and the Peritoneal Cavity (GI) Flashcards
What organs are part of the gastrointestinal tract?
Stomach and the small and large intestine
What organs are part of the hepatobillary system?
Liver and Gallbladder
What organs are a part of the urinary system in the abdominal cavity?
Kidney and ureters
What organs are part of the endocrine system in the abdominal cavity?
Pancreas and Adrenal glands
What is the spleen?
A haematopoetic and lymphoid organ in the abdominal cavity
What great vessels are found in the abdominal cavity?
Abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
What are the anterior, lateral and posterior walls of the abdomen consisted with? (4)
Skin, subcutaneous tissue and muscles with associated aponeuroses
What is an aponeuroses
Flat tendon
Which vertebrae contribute to the posterior wall of the abdomen?
All 5 lumbar vertebrae
Three functions of the abdominal wall?
Protect abdominal viscera
Increase intra-abdominal pressure
Maintain posture and move trunk
What lines the internal aspect of the abdominal wall
Parietal Peritoneum
What six bones define the boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
Xiphoid process
Costal margin
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spines
Pubic tubercles
Pubic symphysis
Where is the vertical line that splits the anterior abdominal wall into 4 quadrants?
In the midline, through the lower sternum umbilicus and pubic symphysis
What does the horizontal line that splits the anterior abdominal wall into 4 cavities run through?
Umbilicus
Where do the two vertical lines in the nine region abdominal wall run down?
Midclavicular lines
Where do the two vertical lines in the nine region abdominal wall run to?
Mid-ingual point (halfway between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercule)
What are the two horizontal lines that run through the abdominal wall called in the nine regions?
Subcostal (superior)
Intertubecular line (Inferior)
Where does the subcostal line run through?
The 10th costal cartilage
L3
Where does the Intertubecular line run through?
Tubercules of the right and left iliac crests
Body of L5
Superior regions of the abdominal wall in the nine regions? (Left to right)
Right Hypochondrium
Epigastrium
Left Hypochondrium
Middle regions of the nine regions of the abdominal wall from left to right?
Right flank, Umbilical region and Left flank
Inferior regions of the nine regions of the abdominal wall from left to right?
Right iliac fossa, Suprapubic region and Left iliac fossa
Where does the Transpyloric plane lie halfway between?
Superior body of manubrium and the pubic symphysis
What does the transpyloric plane transect? (4)
Pylorus of Stomach
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Hila of kidneys
Where does the Transpyloric plane pass through?
9th costal cartilage
What level does the Transumbilical lie at
L3
Where does the Intercristal plane go to and from?
Horizontal line between the highest points of the right and left iliac crests
What is mcburney’s point?
Surface marking of the base of the appendix
Where does mcburneys point lie?
2/3 of the way along a line drawn from the umbilicus to the right anterior superior iliac spine
Four pairs of muscle that comprise the anterolateral abdominal wall
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Where are the rectus abdominis muscles attached to superiorly and inferiorly?
Superiorly- sternum and costal margin
Inferiorly-Pubis
Where do the other three muscles lie in regards to the rectus abdominus?
Lateral to the Rectus abdominis
What direction do the fibers of the external oblique muscles run?
Medially and inferiorly towards the midline
How do the fibers in the Internal Oblique muscles differ from that in the External oblique?
Fibers are perpendicular
Run medially and superiorly
What muscle lies deep to the internal oblique and what direction do the fibers run?
Transversus abdominis
Fibers run horizontally
What is the Linea alba
A tough midline raphe (seam) formed by aponeuroses on each side fusing together
What are the rectus abdominis muscles composed of
Muscle segments interspersed with horizontal tendinous bands.
What are the rectus abdominis flexors of?
The lumbar spine
What are the anterior and posterior walls of the rectus sheath formed by?
Aponeuroses of EO,IO AND Transverse abdominis
What does the aponeurosis of the IO split into as it approaches the midline?
Anterior and posterior layers
What forms the anterior wall of the rectus sheath?
Anterior wall of the rectus sheath
What forms the posterior wall of the rectus sheath?
Posterior layer of the IO aponeurosis and the transversus abdominis aponeurosis
What lies deep to the transversus abdominis
Transversalis fascia
What lies deep to the transversalis fascia?
Parietal peritoneum
What is formed when the most inferior part of the EO aponeurosis is attached to the anterior superior iliac spine laterally and pubic tubercle medially?
Inguinal ligament
What are the three arteries that supply the anterior abdominal wall
Musculophrenic artery
Superior epigastric
Inferior epigastric
What is the musculophrenic artery a branch of?
Internal thoracic
What is the superior epigastric artery a continuation of?
Internal Thoracic artery
What is the inferior epigastric a branch of and which other artery does it anastomose with?
Branch of external iliac artery and anastomoses with the superior epigastric artery
Which nerves innervate the anterior abdominal wall?(4)
Thoraco-abdominal
Subcostal
Iliohypogastric and iloinguinal nerves
Where do the Thoraco-abdominal nerves originate from? What types of nerves are they?
T7-T11
Somatic nerves
Where does the subcostal nerve originate?
T12 spinal nerve
What are the iliohypogastric and iloinguinal nerves branches of?
L1 spinal nerve
What is the inguinal canal?
Oblique passageway through the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
Anterior border of the inguinal canal
External oblique aponeurosis
Internal Oblique aponeurosis laterally only
Posterior border of the Inguinal canal
Transversalis fascia
Medial fibres of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Roof of Inguinal canal borders
Transversalis fascia
Arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
Floor border of the Inguinal canal
Inguinal ligament
What is the Peritoneum?
Serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall and covers viscera within it.
What is the Parietal Peritoneum innervated by?
Somatic nerves that also supply overlying muscles and skin of the abdominal wall
What innervates the Visceral peritoneum
Visceral sensory nerves
What lies between the parietal and visceral peritoneum? What does it contain?
Peritoneal cavity
Peritoneal fluid (allows the viscera to slide freely alongside one aother)
What does Intraperitoneal mean in terms of the extent that viscera is covered in peritoneum?
Almost completely covered
What does Retroperitoneal mean?
Only covered by the peritoneum on the anterior surface
Example of Intraperitoneal organ
Stomach
Examples of two retroperitoneal Organs
Pancreas and abdominal aorta
What are Mesentries? Function?
Folds of peritoneum that contain fat
Attaches Small Intestine and parts of Large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
What do the mesentries have embedded in them
Arteries (that supply the small intestine)
Veins that drain the gut
What is the structure and function of the Greater and Lesser Omentum?
Folds of peritoneum that connect the stomach to other organs
Where does the Greater omentum hang from?
Greater curvature of the stomach
What is the greater omentum superficial to?
Small intestine
What does the Lesser Omentum connect?
Stomach and Duodenum to the liver